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AN OUTLINE 

OF THE 

WARTIME ACTIVITIES 

OF THE 

PENNSYLVANIA COUNCIL 

OF 

NATIONAL DEFENSE 



V 




Glass. 
Book. 



T 




AN OUTLINE 

OF THE 



OF THE 



OF 



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n, of D. 

JAN 30 1919 



PENNSYLVANI A COMMISSION 

OF 

PUBLIC SAFETY AND DEFENSE 

Hon. William C. Sproul, Chairman 
Hon. Edward E. Beidleman 
Hon. Harmon M. Kephart 
Hon. Charles A. Snyder 
Adjutant-General Frank D. Beary 



Hon. Frank B. McClain, Treasurer 
PENNSYLVANIA COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE 



Headquarters 

Seventh Floor, Finance Building 

Philadelphia, Pa. 



January 22, 1919. 



ROSTER 

George Wharton Pepper, Chairman 
Lewis E. Beitler, Secretary 
Effingham B. Morris, Treasurer 
Lewis S. Sadler, Executive Manager 

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 

E. M. C. Africa A. W. Mellon 

W. W. Atterbury E. B. Morris 

Captain C. W. Brown Arthur E. Newbold 

A. C. Dinkey Allen P. Perley 

Spencer C. Gilbert A. C. Robinson 

H. T. Hayden James Scarlet 

J. R. McAllister A. W. Sewall 

Dr. S. B. McCormick E. T. Stotesbury 

Mrs. J. Willis Martin Col. L. A. Watres 

DEPARTMENTAL HEADS 

General Committee 
Finance 

Arthur E. Newbold, Director 

Publicity and Education 

Dr. William McClellan, Director 

Herman L. Collins, Chief of Bureau of Publicity 

Benjamin H. Ludlow, Chief of Speakers' Bureau (Four 

Minute Men) 
John F. Braun, Chief of Liberty Sing Bureau 
E. E. Bach, Chief of Bureau of Americanization 
Sydney L. Wright, Chief of Bureau of War Charities 

Legislation 

Hon. Frank Gunnison, Director 
Legal Advisory Department 

John Hampton Barnes, Director 



Medicine, Sanitation and Hospitals 
Dr. Hobart a. Hare, Director 
Charlton Yarnall, Vice-Director 

Civic Relief 

Col. Louis J. Kolb, Director 

Dr. Samuel McC. Hamill, Vice-Director 

Food Supply 

Howard Heinz, Director 

J. S. Crutchfield, Vice-Director 

Construction and Materials 

B. Dawson Coleman, Director 

Plants 

George S. Davison, Director 

Highways Transport Committee 
David S. Ludlum, Director 
Gideon M. Stull, Vice-Director 
J. Howard Reber, Vice-Director 
J. M. MuRDOCK, Vice-Director 

Civilian Service and Labor 

Edgar C. Felton, Director 

Military Service 

T. DeWitt Cuyler, Director 

Naval Service 

E. Walter Clark, Director 
David Newhall, Vice-Director 

Volunteer Home Defense Police 

LiEUT.-CoL. John C. Groome, U. S. A., Director 
William S. Ellis, Acting Director 

Railroads, Electric Raiki'ays, Highzvays and Waterways 
Samuel Rea, Director 
Agnew T. Dice, Vice-Director 
Thomas E. Mitten, Vice-Director 
Moorhead C. Kennedy, Vice-Director 

WOMAN'S COMMITTEE 

Mrs. J. Willis Martin, Chairtnan 

Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook Miss Helen Fleisher 

Mrs. Ronald P. Gleason Mrs. Walter King Sharpe 

Mrs. John C. Groome Mrs. Charles M. Lea 

Mrs. Edward S. Lindsey Mrs. Edith Ellicott Smith 

Miss Anne McCormick Miss Katharine Tucker 

Mrs. John O. Miller Mrs. Herbert Lincoln Clark 

Mrs. Louis Piolett Mrs. Hutton Kennedy 

Mrs. Thomas Robins Mrs. John Gribbel 

Mrs. Edward T. Stotesbury Mrs. John Meigs 

Mrs. Helen Glenn Tyson Miss Roberta M. West 
Mrs. H. S. Prentiss Nichols 

War History Commission 

Hon. William C. Sproul, Chairman 
John Bach McMaster, Vice-Chairman 



Wartime Activities 

OF THE 

Pennsylvania Council of National Defense 

When a history is written of Pennsylvania's part in winning the 
war, the chapters devoted to civilian activities will of necessity be 
largely a recital of the work of the Pennsylvania Council of National 
Defense. 

This war-emergency body, originally known as the Committee of 
Public Safety for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, was created in 
March, 1917, by appointment of the Governor, to mobilize and con- 
serve the civil resources of the State for the benefit of the Federal 
war program. Some 300 prominent citizens were named to inaugurate 
the work. But successive appointments soon increased the member- 
ship until the Council became the largest public organization ever 
created in Pennsylvania, with a roster of 15,000 representative, influ- 
ential civilians whose services were given voluntarily as required to 
help the nation win the war. 

Federal authority was early vested in the Council, through which 
it became the medium for the conduct of practically all of the national 
war policies, so far as they applied to Pennsylvania. The State Legis- 
lature promptly provided a war-work fund of $2,000,000, control of 
which was assigned to the Pennsylvania Commission of Public Safety 
and Defense, composed of the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, 
Auditor-General, Adjutant-General and State Treasurer. The Council 
(at that time the Committee of Public Safety) became the functioning 
arm of this Commission, and its numerous war-emergency under- 
takings were approved and financed to present total appropriations 
of more than $1,000,000. 

To review the comprehensive work of the Council would be to 
enumerate almost all of the noteworthy war-time achievements of the 
State. Its far-reaching program gradually led to an assimilation of all 
of the important civilian service essential to successful prosecution of 
the war. The conduct of its work represented a concentration of 
effort not paralleled at any other time in Pennsylvania's history and 
probably unexcelled by any other State mobilization of potential 
resources. But, splendid as have been its physical accomplishments, 
perhaps the greatest service rendered by the Council was its fusing of 
the patriotic endeavor of all creeds and classes into singleness and 
unanimity of purpose, and that purpose a fixed and unselfish resolve to 



spare no effort and to shirk no duty that would help to win the war. 
Never before in Pennsylvania has this unanimity of public aim been 
achieved. The Council was able to bring about this result because of 
its State-wide organization and its solitary objective — success of the 
national war program. Its absorption of all special war activities and 
of the efforts of all classes of war workers naturally permitted the 
introduction and secured the ready acceptance everywhere of a har- 
monious spirit of patriotic service. 

Much of the work undertaken was of a constructive character, 
and its value has been so apparent that permanent retention of some 
features has been recommended by State officials and will be brought 
before the incoming Legislature. This applies especially to Ameri- 
canization of the foreign-born, food supply and food conservation 
work, employment service and child welfare activities. 

Detailed mention is made in the appended outline of the broad 
general work of the Council. This work was conducted under a plan 
which concentrated all activities in five divisions, and their appropriate 
separate departments, of the Council, all under compact, central execu- 
tive control. 

Major divisions directing activities were Administration, which 
included Departments of Finance, Publicity, Legislation and Legal 
Advisory Department; Relief, including Departments of Medicine, 
Sanitation and Hospitals, and Civic Relief; Equipment and Supplies, 
with Departments of Food Supply, Construction and Materials, and 
Highways Transport Committee ; Service, with Departments of 
Civilian Service and Labor, Military Service, Naval Service, and 
Volunteer Home Defense Police ; and Division of Transportation, 
with Departments of Railroads, Electric Railways and Motors, and 
Highways and Waterways. The Council, therefore, had a working 
scope covering practically every field of useful endeavor. 

Being the only body which had delegated State authority to mo- 
bilize and conserve all resources essential to the prosecution of the 
war, it obtained the willingly granted right to assimilate operations 
of many useful established organizations and institutions. As neces- 
sity demanded, their functions were incorporated almost wholly or in 
part into the general work, as hereafter described. Activities of 
official State departments essential to the efficiency of the Council's 
program were at its command. The Council thus stood as the one 
body in Pennsylvania with organization and authority for carrying out 
its great and vital w^ork. 

There were 70 sub-divisions of the Council in the 67 counties of 
the State. These sub-committees were duplicates, in organization 
and working scope, of the main Council. Each sub-Council had one 
salaried officer — an executive secretary — who was responsible for 
stimulation of effort in his county, for keeping his Council fully 
informed of the State-wide work in hand, and also for keeping head- 
quarters fully acquainted with the activities of his particular Council. 



A word of appreciation is due those loyal and untiring citizens 
who so promptly accepted membership in the Council and so devotedly 
fulfilled the patriotic obligations which they assumed with that mem- 
bership. Their services were vital as reinforcement of the country's 
military effort and will be held in grateful remembrance as havmg 
enabled Pennsylvania to maintain her service back of the line equal to 
the unsurpassed standard of her service on the battle front. 

Department of Finance 

The duties of the Department of Finance are referred to in the 
report of Effingham B. Morris, Treasurer. The accounts of the 
Pennsylvania Council, as an agent of the Commission of Public 
Safety and Defense created by the Legislature, are audited by the 
Auditor-General of Pennsylvania, as required by the organic law of 
the Commonwealth. It has been the fixed policy of the Pennsylvania 
Council of National Defense to safeguard the amount appropriated 
by the Legislature in every way to meet the demands arising in the 
course of the arduous task of the country, as allotted by the Commis- 
sion to the Council as its agent for the purpose. The strictest econ- 
omy has, therefore, been observed by the Pennsylvania Council in 
confining expenditures to general purposes of public safety and de- 
fense. Up to December 31, 1918, the date of the Treasurer's report 
submitted herewith, $882,129.16, which is less than one-half of the 
$2,000,000 appropriated by the Legislature, had been spent for all the 
work accomplished by the Pennsylvania Council of National Defense, 
as outlined in the activities of its various departments herein set 
forth and detailed in the Treasurer's report. The first annual report 
of the Treasurer was issued on June 27, 1918, and is now brought 
down to date. A supplement will also be filed in the near future, 
covering the final expenditures of the closing period of the Council's 
activities from and after December 31, 1918. Allotments already made 
by the Commission will, the Council believes, prove more than suffi- 
cient to cover outstanding and closing expenses, unless unforeseen 
war contingencies arise. The balance of the cash in hand will then, 
of course, be returned to the control and disposition of the proper 
State authorities. 

Department of Publicity and Education 

Among the first divisions of the Council to function was the 
Department of Publicity, which closely adhered to its designated work 
of interpreting to the public the Council's plans and activities and of 
conducting an educational propaganda. 

This work called for a sub-division of activities and the employ- 
ment of various agencies through which very effective service was 
made possible. There was, of course, the news division and corre- 
lated publicity service. This was fully maintained. A second division, 
and by far the largest in the Department, was in charge of speaking 
activities. This was the Speakers' Bureau (Four Minute Men Divi- 
sion), including some 6000 speakers, splendidly organized, their efforts 
directed by a State chairman in immediate touch with the inspirational 



source, at Washington, of all patriotic propaganda conducted by 
means of the spoken word. 

The Four Minute Men were a picturesque feature of the country's 
war effort. Pennsylvania had the largest Four Minute organization 
of any State, and Philadelphia, with more than 300 Four Minute Men, 
had the largest single unit. These organized speakers were a big 
factor in the success of the Liberty Loan, Red Cross, War Savings 
and other patriotic drives. They accepted all speaking engagements 
necessary to the promotion of every phase of patriotic effort. 

In a year of service in Pennsylvania they addressed more than 
35,000 meetings, with a total attendance of more than 23,000,000 per- 
sons. During the Fourth Liberty Loan drive, alone, despite the 
handicap of a prevailing influenza epidemic, they spoke at 21,164 
meetings to more than 11,000,000 people. 

Incorporation of the Four Minute Division into the Pennsylvania 
Council of National Defense was one of the numerous illustrations 
of how the Federal war activities functioned through the State body. 

Another division, which effectively supported the speaking 
activities was the Liberty Sing Army. This singing organization was 
extended to 55 counties of the State and included 100 choruses, under 
the guidance of a State Director and 100 local directors. More than 
1,000,000 patriotic song sheets were distributed to members of the 
"Sing" Army who were regularly enrolled and pledged to dedicate 
voice and service to the national cause, a pledge which was loyally 
fulfilled during the war period. 

A fourth, and a most important division of the Department, took 
up a work of far-reaching and permanent value — the Americanization 
of the foreign-born population of the State. Organization for this 
work, by a recognized expert, was begun only after a very exhaustive 
study of the State problem. The Chief of the bureau spent many 
years in similar work among the foreign-born employes, of one of the 
great steel corporations of Pennsylvania. 

In preparing to inaugurate the work, a survey, by questionnaire, 
was made, which disclosed that of the 67 counties of the State, only 
12 did not show a perceptible foreign population. The other 55 
counties included foreign-born residents — many completely foreign 
in the sense of unfamiliarity with American ideals and standards — to 
the number of 1,500,000. 

A personal visitation was made by the Chief of the bureau to 
about 40 of the counties for the purpose of setting up a permanent 
organization, and as rapidly as Community Councils were formed, 
representatives for carrying on Americanization were appointed. 

A registration is under way throughout the State to determine the 
number, nationality and citizenship status of the foreign-born. Reg- 
istration is being especially pushed in the large industrial sections 
of the State. 



Afternoon clavSses, evening classes and factory classes to teach 
the language, standards of living, and other features of Americaniza- 
tion to the foreign-Jborn have been organized, and this work has been 
encouraged through correspondence, personal visitation and general 
instruction. County and city superintendents of schools readily 
acceded to having Americanization placed on their Institute programs 
for discussion. A member of the faculty of Columbia University and 
of the Carnegie Foundation was engaged to write plans for instructing 
foreigners in English covering a course of three years. This work 
has been completed and is being distributed throughout the State. 

The Superintendent of Schools for the Ford plant, of Detroit, was 
secured to instruct teachers, through the courtesy of Mr. Ford. He 
gave a course of instruction consisting of six and one-half hours each 
at Erie, Scranton, Sharon, Pittsburgh and other industrial centres in 
the State. Through the efforts of this Bureau, an Americanization 
course is being given in the University of Pittsburgh covering two 
semesters with University credit. It is free, with a class of 176 
teachers, and those interested in Americanization taking the work 
at this time. 

A free information, complaint and advice service is planned, and 
one bureau is established in Pittsburgh to which foreigners can go 
for ofiicial information regarding any matters of vital interest to them. 

Publicity was given Americanization through addresses made by 
members of this department, at chambers of commerce, teachers' 
institutes, business meetings, plant meetings, congresses of foreign- 
born persons, clubs and church organizations, and through English 
and foreign-language newspapers. 

One foreign speakers' bureau has been organized to assist in 
Liberty Loan, Red Cross and other drives. This organization will be 
maintained and used in furthering Americanization work. 

An Americanization conference was held in Philadelphia which 
was attended by delegates from every county of the State. The 
following Americanization folios were published in the interest of the 
work : 

1. Americanization in Pennsylvania. 

2. Organization of schools for the foreign-born. 

3. Americanization in industry. 

4. Suggestions on Americanization for various co-operative 
agencies. 

5. Methods of teaching English to foreigners, first, second and 
third years. 

The approved plan of organization has been fully carried out in 
seven counties and is rapidly being extended. The plan requires an 
Americanization committee and an executive committee of six in 
each district. 

9 



The work as a whole has been basic and fundamental. The under- 
lying idea has been to mold public opinion in the State towards the 
establishment of a permanent Americanization bureau under State 
control. 

A fifth division was the Bureau of War Charities, which was 
organized at the request of the National Council for the purpose of 
protecting the public, and was active in approving the solicitation of 
war-relief funds only by worthy, necessary organizations. 

The news service of the Publicity Department was fully devel- 
oped and comprehensive. The plan was adopted of making the serv- 
ice, so far as possible, the clearing house for all news relating to 
general activities. There are, of course, well-known established ave- 
nues through which publicity is usually disseminated and these were 
regularly employed. Other methods of keeping the public informed 
were also devised and utilized with good effect. 

Posters and general literature were issued and the "Pennsylvania 
Bulletin" was published at intervals to exploit the more important work 
of the Council. The most complete co-operation was given by the 
press in furthering the work of the Council. Practically unlimited 
newspaper space was devoted by the patriotic publishers of the State 
to the promotion of the Council's local and State-wide activities. 

Department of Legislation 

Duties defined for the Department of Legislation included, inter- 
alia, the framing of appropriate statutes to give effective force to 
policies or measures adopted by the Executive Committee ; also, their 
introduction into and support before the Legislature. 

One of the bills which enlisted the Department's attention was 
the Act of Assembly passed at the 1917 session of the Legislature, 
authorizing the creation of the Pennsylvania Home Defense Police. 
A number of problems, such, for example, as anti-loafing measures, 
which had been given local attention in various counties, would have 
required special legislation for their elimination had the war con- 
tinued, and were being considered by the Department. 

Legal Advisory Department 

Upon the creation of the Legal Advisory Department, a Legal 
Advisory Board consisting of seven members was appointed which 
organized legal committees in each of the 67 counties of the State, 
representing a total membership of 1020 attorneys, who, upon request 
and without charge, advised men called into military service as to their 
legal rights and the care of their financial affairs while in camp and 
at the front. 

Posters containing names and addresses of members of com- 
mittees of each county were placed in all draft board headquarters 
and post offices throughout the State. A legal handbook was published 
which contains a brief digest of the Federal and State legislation 

10 



affecting men in military and naval service. Copies of this book were 
distributed to the members of legal committees and to the judicial 
authorities in the State, as a guide for local legal committees in giving 
advice to drafted men. 

It must be realized that many men called into the military service 
left their affairs in a chaotic condition, and it was to the members of 
these committees that the members of the family of the soldier or 
sailor came for advice. In fact, any information or help that the 
drafted or enlisted man or his family needed was obtained from mem- 
bers of these committees. They not only protected the rights of the 
enlisted man in court proceedings, but also prepared for him wills, 
powers of attorney, arranged his affairs in building associations and 
insurance companies, and, when occasion required it, directed the Red 
Cross in the care of dependent wives and children and in matters 
pertaining to allotments, insurance and the care of their property. 

Now that demobilization has taken place, it is imperative that 
the discharged soldier and sailor should resume his industrial activi- 
ties as speedily as possible, and be assisted in placing in order his 
business affairs. For this purpose the Legal Advisory Department 
has retained its organization of legal committees in each of the coun- 
ties throughout the State. It is most gratifying to report that mem- 
bers of the committees have volunteered to continue to help, in legal 
matters, the enlisted man, so that he may make a good start in civil 
life upon his return from camp or from the front. 

Department of Medicine, Sanitation and Hospitals 

This Department was organized with a view to co-operating in 
its particular field with State and Federal activities, supplementing 
such co-operation by original eft'ort where necessary. 

The Department's first effort was the compilation and indexing 
of data relating to every organization, institution and profession 
coming within its scope whose capacity, operation and personnel could 
in any way be applied to the service of the State and nation in 
war-time. 

Among its special activities which attracted national attention 
was a campaign which the Department inaugurated for the conserva- 
tion of drugs, pharmaceutical supplies and biological products. The 
6000 druggists of the State, also doctors, veterinarians and dentists, 
were solicited by the Department to pledge themselves to prevent 
waste of these products. Overstocking by stores of perishable sup- 
plies, such as antitoxins and serums, was discouraged. Druggists 
were requested to educate the public in home conservation of drugs 
and remedies. The Department's campaign was endorsed by the 
American Manufacturers of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products 
at their 1917 convention in New York, who urged that similar action 
be taken in all States. 

11 



Considerable effort was devoted to listing professional men for 
various branches of service. A particularly valuable roster was com- 
piled of dentists, veterinarians and pharmacists willing to give special 
service in emergency. The information included the character and 
amount of service proffered, the equipment possessed and how much 
of it was available for Government use. 

Complete information was obtained relating to hospitals, homes 
and other institutions. Essential facts, such as the location, owner- 
ship, character and equipment of these institutions, and whether at 
ths disposal of the Government, were included. 

Institutions and buildings which might be used in emergencies 
as convalescent hospitals are indexed, and the facts are still available 
to inform the Government of the best location for reclamation or 
hospital camps. This information includes such details as approxi- 
mate size, topography, present condition of the sites, transportation 
and light and power facilities in each case. 

Realizing that it was essential to insure a constant supply of 
medical officers for the army and navy, as well as for the civilian 
population in case the war lasted a number of years, a State-wide 
campaign was made to discourage medical and pre-medical students 
from enlisting prior to the draft. Similar action was taken in behalf 
of dental and veterinary students. All of these, except the pre-medi- 
cal students, were ultimately permitted to enrol in the Enlisted Medi- 
cal Reserve Corps, and thus were enabled to finish their courses in 
the institutions in which they registered. 

Sanitary camp sites were secured for a number of Pennsylvania 
military units prior to their departure for the permanent camps. The 
military camps throughout the State were inspected in the interest of 
improved policing and general sanitary conditions, cleanliness of the' 
men, etc., the State Board of Health inspecting the water supply, sew- 
age disposal and other sanitary installation. 

All hospitals in the State possessing sufficient clinical material 
to give competent instruction were encouraged to increase their facili- 
ties for enlarging the number of pupils taking the regular three-year 
course for the thorough training of nurses. Young women were 
encouraged to enter the regular hospital training courses. 

The Department took an active part in promoting the creation 
of auxiliary forces of nurses to supplement trained staffs depleted by 
the war. This was accomplished largely by requesting hospitals 
throughout the State to offer special three months' courses in hospital 
work to women. These courses were given as an elementary training 
to provide a valuable auxiliary nursing force in case of emergency, 
those finishing such courses not to be considered as fully trained 
nurses. The value of this and similar preparatory effort was empha- 
sized during the recent devastating influenza epidemic which swept 
the State. 

12 



Through the Department, the services of the entire State-wide 
organization of the Pennsylvania Council were marshalled in support 
of the preventive, sanitary and relief work of the State Department 
of Health. 

Spencer C. Gilbert, Esq., a member of the Executive Committee, 
was appointed to represent the Pennsylvania Council at Harrisburg in 
order to establish direct contact with the Acting Commissioner of 
Health for prompt and intelligent direction and control of the County 
Councils' work. 

Mr. Gilbert opened at once headquarters adjacent to the Health 
Commissioner's Office, and his facilities included direct telephone 
service to all sections of the State for the transmission of instructions 
to and receipt of reports from county officers of the Council and other 
administrative duties. The thorough organization maintained by the 
County Councils made it possible to place in each county at the com- 
mand of the Acting Commissioner of Health a large and efficient force 
of workers equipped for rendering prompt services of varied nature. 

Registration records of the Department had been prepared for 
just such a crisis. Using the registration as a basis, it was possible 
with the aid of State and local health authorities, to control and direct 
demands for medical services, and also to conserve the work of over- 
burdened physicians. 

The menace of a drug shortage was avoided in some places by 
a county-wide inventory of supplies, which record was centrally kept 
and used in maintaining a proper distribution. In a few places the 
exaction of high prices was reported, but this practice was in most 
instances quickly and quietly suppressed by the Department or other 
representatives of the local Councils of Defense. 

In the creation of emergency hospitals the Department and the 
County Councils generally bore a most important part. In some in- 
stances they obtained, opened and equipped these hospitals. In others 
they co-operated with the authorities and with associated bodies. 
Again, meetings were called by our initiative, and the desired results 
obtained. 

Prompt despatch of doctors, nurses, drugs, food and supplies, as 
well as the removal of patients to and from the hospitals, was made 
possible by the thorough organization of the Highways Transport 
Committee of the Pennsylvania Council, which co-operated to the 
fullest extent. 

Necessary quarantine service was obtained through the co-opera- 
tion of the State Council's Volunteer Home Defense Police. Wide 
publicity for preventive and treatment measures was secured on 
behalf of the Department and the State authorities by the County 
Councils' publicity organizations, generously supported by the press. 

In securing material, assistance, beds and bedding, cots, chairs, 
tables, cooking utensils, foodstuffs, drugs and fuel, the central organi- 
zation of our Council, with representatives in all parts of the counties, 

13 



enabled the whole to be directed with speed and efficiency, and did 
much not only to prevent wasted effort, but to assemble adequate 
supplies at remote points. 

A complete report of all services rendered to the State and to the 
public during the epidemic has been separately issued and official 
appreciation of the work is therein expressed. 

Department of Civic Relief 

Soon after its inception this Department formulated a comprehen- 
sive program for broad supervision and direction of war-time civilian 
relief. The application, however, of Federal, county and municipal 
measures to the solution of this problem rendered it unnecessary for 
the Department to undertake the active conduct of much of the service 
originally contemplated, but it was able by co-ordinating the efforts 
of existing agencies and through co-operative aid to do much to pro- 
mote war relief work. 

The Department gave valuable assistance to humanitarian socie- 
ties and associations through a special appeal made to the charitable 
public, urging them not to overlook their customary contributions in 
the stress of war-time conditions. More than 20,000 contributors were 
reached by this appeal, and the response was much appreciated by 
various institutions which otherwise might have been seriously handi- 
capped by the withdrawal of subscriptions. A notable work was 
undertaken through the creation of a Child Welfare Division, whose 
function has been to survey that problem in the State and begin the 
conservation of the health of children as a permanent measure. Co- 
operation of the State Department of Health was invited and the 
program was so favorably viewed that the State Commissioner of 
Health created in his Department a new Division of Child Hygiene, 
with which was merged the activities of the Pennsylvania Council's 
Child Welfare Division, whose director was placed in charge of the 
State-wide work. 

At the present time there are Child Welfare organizations in 59 
counties of the State, and 33 of them have done effective work and 
have co-operated so satisfactorily with the Division of Child Hygiene 
of the Department of Health that there has been made possible a per- 
manent working basis between the Department and their county com- 
mittees. 

In organizing local committees the plan has been adopted of 
adhering to school district boundaries in the rural districts and voting 
precincts in the cities. Small towns in themselves constitute single 
units. The committees include local representatives of the State 
Health Department, local health officers, physicians, members of 
nursing agencies and of women's clubs and civilians prominent in 
sociological work. 

Effort has been concentrated principally upon the insuring of 
proper care for mothers and for infants at recognized critical periods, 
and in protecting the health and maintaining the nutrition of children 

14 



of pre-school age (2 to 6 years). Advice is given and qualified 
experts are at call to aid in stimulating interest and planning pro- 
cedure for all communities taking up the subject of protection of 
child health. 

In the Philadelphia unit of the Civic Relief Department a Sub- 
Committee on Recreation devised social activities, amusements and 
as much of the spirit of home life as possible for enlisted men sta- 
tioned in or about the city. A weekly bulletin was published through 
which army and navy men were kept in touch with recreations and 
amusements regularly organized for their diversion. This bulletin 
at times listed as many as 100 sources of entertainment, absolutely 
free to service men. Various organizations, clubs and fraternities 
co-operated in providing these entertainments. The Recreation Com- 
mittee had booths located at central points as information bureaus for 
men in the service. In many other ways it made itself of great use 
to the large military and naval force here mobilized. 

Department of Food Supply 

Organized before the creation of the United States Food Admini- 
stration, with which it eventually merged, the Department of Food 
Supply early assumed its assigned task of awakening the people of the 
State to the seriousness of the world food situation, and the institution 
of such measures as would enable Pennsylvania to contribute its share 
' to the general relief. 

The appointment, later, of Howard Heinz, its Director, as U. S. 
Food Administrator for Pennsylvania, and the conduct of both or- 
ganizations under his management, was a concrete example of the 
functioning of the National war program in this State through the 
Pennsylvania Council of National Defense. 

Local Food Supply Committees were appointed in all counties, 
an executive secretarial force was installed and work was immedi- 
ately started along the following clearly defined lines : 

To increase the productiveness of the State in all food materials. 

To conserve the food supply of the State and reduce food waste. 

To facilitate food distribution and marketing. 

While, from the beginning of operations, the Department of 
Food Supply, and later the Food Administration, relied mainly upon 
the county organizations for the extension of their services and 
propaganda, early recognition was given to the potential value and 
usefulness of many permanent State institutions and private agencies, 
which were called upon to assist in working out the food problems. 
A close co-operation was constantly maintained with the State De- 
partments of Agriculture and Labor, the Farm Extension Bureau, 
State College, State Agricultural Commission, the Grange, and with 
churches, schools and the public press, all of which rendered valuable 
services. 

15 



Although organized rather late in 1917 to proffer a large degree 
of assistance to farmers in the way of additional supplies of fertilizers, 
implements, etc., the Department was yet able to help, directly and 
through its local committees, in obtaining and distributing seed, labor, 
and, in some instances, increased bank credits ; also in promoting the 
cultivation of many large areas of vacant lands and of the town and 
city war garden plan. Informative posters and bulletins covering 
the needs of the situation and suggesting the substitution of staple 
crops for less essentials were issued and widely distributed. Meetings 
of farmers were addressed extensively and much educational propa- 
ganda was put forth through the columns of the local and agricul- 
tural press, and by various other means, the excellent results of which 
were generally evident in the 1917 State crop return. 

Educational work v/as undertaken in many directions from the 
beginning to teach the vital necessity of avoiding food waste and for 
the substitution for foods less abundant and those needed abroad, of 
those in plentiful suppl3^ The Federal Food Administration Conser- 
vation Pledge plan for housewives was given strong support by the Penn- 
sylvania Food Department in a State-wide campaign for the signa- 
tures, which resulted in the registration under the food-saving banner 
of upwards of 1,000,000 Pennsylvania women. 

Another early activity, instituted with the first maturing crops of 
perishable fruits and vegetables, was the creation ot a corps ot expert 
women demonstrators of canning, preserving and drying, by which 
large classes were taught modern methods in many districts. 

Early surveys were instituted preparatory to an effort to equalize 
distribution as far as possible. Definite plans were formulated for 
the establishment of coinmunity markets, l30th in towns and at rural 
roadsides, as a means of bringing the producer and consumer into 
direct contact. Many such markets were established in various sec- 
tions of the State and were productive of much good, through the 
elimination of spoilage waste and the reduction of food cost to the 
consumer without the usual relative disadvantage to the producer. 

As a result, three months after the war began, of the adoption of 
the Food Administration plan, it became necessary, as a means of 
avoiding duplication of effort and overlapping of subordinate author- 
ity, to merge the State and Federal activities into one general organi- 
zation that closely co-ordinated all the elements engaged and all 
functions, both administrative and educational. Thus, while many fea- 
tures of the food work in Pennsylvania in the latter half of 1917 had 
their inception in the State Food Department, their execution, after 
mid-August, was jointly conducted by an enlarged State and Federal 
organization working in the common interest. 

To insure the complete and safe harvesting of Pennsylvana 1917 
crops, movements were set on foot, in co-operation with the Civilian 
Service and Labor Department, to enlist schoolboy labor, the volun- 
teer labor of city vacationists having practical farm experience, and 
to close small town stores one or two days of each week to permit 

16 



proprietors and clerks to engage in harvesting work. While the farm 
labor supply of the State was at no time in the season equal to the 
demand, it is an undoubted fact that by one means and another the 
actual requirements were met and the crops saved. 

Every possible encouragement was extended to farmers through- 
out the season to raise additional supplies of quick meat, including 
poultry, hogs and sheep, with especially favorable results as to the 
two first mentioned and a general improvement in the sheep-raising 
industry. 

As the 1917 season advanced a State-wide movement was begun 
to obtain as material an increase in the normal acreage of winter wheat 
and rye as possible without undue disturbance of the crop rotation 
balance ; to secure better yields per acre through seed selection, the 
distribution of fertilizer at reasonable cost and its more economical 
use, and by educational work in better farming methods in general. 
A volunteer corps of practical speakers on farm topics was engaged 
over a considerable period in addressing grange meetings, Farmers' 
Institutes and neighborhood meetings in rural communities. 

A Farmers' Potato Association was organized, with a large 
membership throughout the State, which concerns itself in matters 
of seed selection, cultivation methods and crop marketing, and it is 
expected that the influence of this organized movement for the better- 
ment of existing conditions will have a permanent material good 
effect upon this important Pennsylvania crop. 

The food conservation propaganda was enlarged by a special 
campaign of intensive character in the Sunday Schools of the State, 
in which a day was set apart as Food Conservation Day. The whole 
movement, vigorously supported by county organizations and the 
press, constituted perhaps the largest single intensive educational 
undertaking made in connection with the nation's food interests. 

This was followed by a similar campaign among the secular 
schools of the State, public and private, under support of the State 
educational authorities, and in full co-operation with superintendents^ 
principals and teachers. 

Many public meetings were held for the purpose of promoting 
conservation, and thousands of addresses made before regular assem- 
blies, including church congregations. Personal canvass among 
homes was undertaken on a large scale, especially in districts popu- 
lated by foreigners. Much literature, including kitchen and window 
cards, was effectively placed. 

War kitchens were established in co-operation with the Woman's 
Committee for regular operation over considerable periods in larger 
cities, in which courses of demonstration work were carried on. Many 
demonstration exhibits were conducted at county fairs and other 
miscellaneous gatherings. 

The chief food conservation demonstration and exhibit of Penn- 
sylvania, however, and one regarded as particularly unique and effec- 

17 



tive, was a Food Train, consisting of three cars especially fitted and 
operated for this purpose. 

In one of these cars was a collection of graphic exhibits illus- 
trating the principle of food conservation, the reasons for its neces- 
sity, and what it could be made to accomplish by individual effort 
combined. Another taught war bread making and methods of con- 
serving wheat, sugar, meats and fats by the use of substitutes. A 
third demonstrated canning, preserving and drying by the use of such 
implements and devices as are readily accessible to the ordinary 
household. 

The demonstration work on this train was conducted by com- 
petent instructors in home economics supplied by State College. The 
train was operated over a period of six weeks in the autumn of 1917. 
Beginning June, 1918, it covered practically every railroad station 
in the State, outside of the larger cities. Its operation was largely 
by courtesy of the Pennsylvania Railroad, which contributed cars 
suitably fitted and decorated, exterior and interior, also their hauling 
and shared the outfitting expense with the State, which oherwise did 
all the actual financing. 

Hotel and restaurant men were induced to contribute voluntary 
aid to the conservation cause by reducing menus, the partial elimina- 
tion of foods required in the prosecution of the war, and the more 
extensive service of substitute cereals for wheat and of seafoods and 
vegetables. A conservative estimate of the conservation by hotels 
and restaurants in Pennsylvania, based upon a questionnaire, placed 
the saving from November, 1917, to May, 1918, inclusive, of meat over 
8,000,000 pounds and of flour over 9,000,000 pounds ; from February to 
May, 1918, inclusive, of sugar at approximately 3,000,000 pounds. 

Through co-operating with the Food Administration, the Depart- 
ment shared in the credit of a stupendous cash saving. This, applied 
to Pennsylvania, meant on a normal consumption of approximately 
9,000,000 barrels of wheat flour, a saving in price by regulation of 
from ten to twelve dollars per barrel ; because, left to the action of 
the law of supply and demand, flour might have speedily reached 
a price of $25. On flour alone it meant a benefit of at least $90,000,000 
to Pennsylvania pockets, while in sugar, just as surely to have soared 
to a price of 25 cents per pound, uncontrolled, with a normal State 
consumption of 720,000,000 pounds, there was roughlv a saving of 
$100,000,000 more. 

The women's organization in Pennsylvania rendered untiring 
and invaluable service in its contact with large and small groups of 
women, with the homes of the people direct, and with both the native 
and foreign elements. With the last named, its influence for good 
was most potent and of the highest importance. 

The work of the Department was given the highest Federal 
commendation at a Food Conference of committee representatives 
held in Philadelphia. It was attended by Federal Food Administrator 

18 



Hoover, who acknowledged that Pennsylvania's food conservation, 
food producing efforts, and general committee efficiency were unsur- 
passed elsewhere. The department had, at that time, registered more 
housekeepers in the food saving campaign than all of the other States 
of the Union combined. 

Departments of Materials and Plants 

It was originally planned that the Department of Materials should 
undertake, as part of its work, to determine with exactness the avail- 
able resources of the State in minerals and materials which enter into 
industrial processes. 

A survey of the industrial capacity of the State's manufacturing 
establishments and co-ordination of their productive effort were 
intended to be within the working scope of the Department of Plants. 

Both departments were organized, county directors were ap- 
pointed and preparations were made for active service. It was, how- 
ever, decided by the Council of National Defense, Washington, D. C, 
to undertake the work falling within the scope of these Departments 
on a national basis through Federal committees and boards. At the 
request of the National Council, the Departments, therefore, discon- 
tinued their work, in which no expense to the State had been incurred 
up to'that time. Thereafter, the functioning of Federal bodies made 
it unnecessary for either Department to resume. 

Department of Construction and Materials 

The Department of Construction and Materials was created in 
September, 1918, when the War Industries Board, through the Council 
of National Defense, called upon the Pennsylvania Council to act as 
their representative in passing upon all proposed construction projects, 
in order that all building construction which was not absolutely 
necessary might be stopped. B. Dawson Coleman was appointed Di- 
rector. He immediately proceeded to create an organization in every 
county of the State and issued a bulletin outlining the work and 
defining the duties of the Department. 

At that time, there was no doubt of the urgent necessity on the 
part of the Government to preserve all labor, materials and transpor- 
tation for war essential work. Through the broadly organized ma- 
chinery of the Pennsylvania State Council, this Department was able 
to act promptly, not only in establishing its own organization, but 
also in accomplishing effective work throughout the State. 

The Director addressed personal letters to the Mayors of most of 
the prominent cities throughout the Commonwealth, and local com- 
mittees of the Department held meetings with various building and 
trade organizations. General publicity was given to this work through 
the local directors in the several counties ; posters were printed and 
distributed through every county and appeals of various kinds were 
made calling upon all patriotic citizens to defer all unnecessary build- 
ing projects until after the war had been won. 

19 



The people of Pennsylvania responded most heartily to these 
appeals, and the amount of work deferred in this manner no doubt 
greatly exceeded the figures obtained through formal applications. 

During the period from September 14 to November 13, when the 
War Industries Board removed all restrictions on building construc- 
tion, the following results were obtained : 

Six hundred and ninety-one applications were acted upon and 
were either approved or disapproved. 

Applications received and disapproved $1,766,646.00 

Projects deferred by persuasion through the Local Committees, etc 2,873,701.00 

Total amount of work deferred $4,640,347.00 

Applications approved by this Department and the War Industries 

Board, mostly projects already under construction $1,431,786.00 

Restricting power was not exercised in any arbitrary way, and 
results were accomplished without undue criticism. 

Highways Transport Committee 

The Highways Transport Committee, originally organized and 
long operated as the Department of Motors and Motor Trucks, began 
its work with an exhaustive inventory of the motor resources of the 
State, the object being to arrange a comprehensive motor service' ready 
at instant call for any emergency situation. 

Activities following the organization of this department included 
not only important duties therein originating, but also a great amount 
of co-operative service of value to other departments. 

Following the development and extension of the Pennsylvania 
Council's work during the progress of the war, demands for trans- 
portation and the uses to which motor service could be applied became 
even greater than had been anticipated. 

The wisdom of securing registration for emergency service of 
25 per cent, of the 300,000 passenger cars of the State was amply 
justified. Ten per cent, of these cars constituted a reserve for immedi- 
ate emergency use night or day. This emergency service was given 
in practically all counties of the State. Hardly any war activity was 
conducted without at one time or other utilizing the ample anc* 
ready resources )f the motors division. 

One of the greatest services rendered by the various units of the 
Committee was the splendid work during the recent State-wide influenza 
epidemic. In this crisis the county divisions of the Committee furnished 
cars for the transportation of doctors and nurses, the removal of stricken 
persons, and the conveying of meals, drugs and supplies. It even became 
necessary to use trucks as hearses and ambulances. For a period of 
three weeks, emergency transportation units, the smallest consisting of 
20 cars and the largest of 400 cars, were constantly employed. In Phila- 
delphia, 3000 cars had been under requisition for the Fourth Liberty 

20 



Loan Drive, and 400 were diverted to epidemic service. Apart from the 
epidemic crisis, emergency motor ambulance service was furnished to 
various hospitals in many sections when required. 

The several Liberty Loan campaigns created a tremendous de- 
mand for motor service, which was fully met. Four Minute Speakers, 
Community Choruses, War Exhibits and other essentials to the work 
of stirring up popular support for the Loans could not have been so 
efficiently employed had it not been for the mobility obtained through 
the Highways Transport Committee. Motor facilities provided by 
the Committee were also largely used in the War Savings and Thrift 
Stamp drives. Red Cross and Y. M. C. A. campaigns. In many 
counties cars were furnished to haul Red Cross supplies, comforts, 
etc., which were being shipped to the war zone. The Committee 
also moved baggage of drafted men, provided transportation for 
units of the Student Army Training Corps, hauled emergency farm 
workers to and from the farming districts, helped in the crop move- 
ment and assisted in the fuel conservation campaign by conveying 
firewood from woodlands to cities. Volunteer workers who cut this 
wood were also transported. 

That the Committee had an organization capable of coping with 
big emergency work was illustrated when the Second Field Artillery 
— a Philadelphia big-gun regiment — received orders to mobilize early 
in the war. At short notice, through its Philadelphia Division, the 
Department supplied 60 motor trucks and transported 1300 artillery- 
men, batteries of heavy howitzers and a vast amount of stores and 
equipment from the armory in the center of the city to a mobilization 
camp ten miles distant. The work was accomplished in a few hours, 
despite very unfavorable weather conditions, and without a single 
mishap, breakdown or delay. High appreciation was expressed by 
Colonel H. D. Turner, commanding the regiment. 

Another notable illustration of capacity to dispose of emergency 
calls was the work of the Chester Division during disturbances in 
that city. In response to a hurry call from the Mayor, the division 
put into service 24 motor vehicles, which were used to transport 
guards, police and State police. The service was so effective in 
assisting the authorities to keep disorder in check that its continuance 
was requested and granted until the trouble had been suppressed. 
Many cars and trucks remained in service all night during the most 
violent periods of the outbreak. The great value of the service ren- 
dered was publicly acknowledged by Mayor McDowell. 

Motorists throughout the State were also enlisted in an important 
war-time service. At the call of the Committee the county units 
undertook to keep Pennsylvania's main highways open to traffic 
throughout the winter. Freeing of the highways from snow blockades 
was of great value to the War Department. The first test run of a 
war truck convoy from Detroit to an Atlantic port was successful, 
principally because of the Committee's work in providing an unob- 
structed route. More than half of the journey lay through Pennsyl- 
vania. Very heavy snows preceded the arrival of the convoy and 

21 



caused delays elsewhere, but Pennsylvania's roads were kept passable. 
In some places drifts 8 feet high were cleared away. The route lay 
through 8 Pennsylvania counties, in each one of which the local com- 
mittees made every provision for the speeding of the convoy to its 
destination. The crews were housed and fed and the trucks were 
overhauled in accordance with a program prearranged by the Com- 
mittee. Patriotic demonstrations were also a feature. The convoy 
maintained schedule time throughout its trip in the State, which was 
in strong contrast with the delays it encountered on other portions of 
its journey. The War Department, in appreciation of the service 
rendered, warmly commended the Committee's work in press an- 
nouncements issued at Washington, D. C. 

In various sections of the State pilots were provided for succeed- 
ing convoys and they insured against delays through missing the 
route. In one county alone, volunteer pilots guided more than 1500 
trucks during the period of shipment. Route guides were also fur- 
nished to chauffeurs when the convoys passed through Philadelphia. 

When the landing of large American Armies in the war zone had 
introduced new and complicated problems of army motor transporta- 
tion, the War Department availed itself of the services of the Chair- 
man of the Pennsylvania Highways Transport Committee, who went 
to France and assisted in adjusting the motor service to General 
Pershing's needs. A vice-chairman of the Committee also accepted 
and rendered similar service for Y. M. C. A. transportation in France. 

The Committee was active in encouraging the establishment of 
motor express service and promoting the "return loads" plan advo- 
cated by the National Highways Transport Committee. 

Department of Civilian Service and Labor 

The Department of Civilian Service and Labor was created for 
the study and solution of the many labor problems which have arisen 
in connection with the war emergency. Its duties have included the 
ascertaining of labor needs in the various war industries and the 
supplying of these needs so far as possible. In carrying out this 
program, the efforts of the Department have been directed not only 
to the redistribution of labor in such a manner as to serve the best 
interests of a nation at war, but the mobilizing of a new force of 
workers from the ranks of young men of high school age, women 
and girls and persons heretofore unemployed. 

The main feature in the program of the Department was the 
supplying of labor to war industries through a State-wide system 
of employment bureaus. Using as a nucleus the offfces already 
established by the State Department of Labor and Industry, the 
activities of these offices were extended and new bureaus opened in 
all of the larger industrial centers. In May, 1918, the Director of 
the Department of Civilian Service and Labor was appointed Federal 
Director for Pennsylvania of the United States Employment Service, 
and an agreement was made with the Department of Labor whereby 
the offices already established, then 17 in number, should become 

22 



part of the Federal Service in Pennsylvania. Funds were appro.- 
priated by the United States Government for extensive additions to 
the service, and a comprehensive system was developed, operating 
under the supervision and control of the State Director. The head- 
quarters offices of the Federal Employment Service were supplied by 
the Department of Civilian Service and Labor, which combined its 
offices with theirs. Under this system a total of 70 offices were estab- 
lished to supply the needs of war industries in practically every indus- 
trial community in the State. 

By proclamation of the President, the United States Employment 
Service maintained, since August 1, 1918, exclusive control of the 
handling of unskilled labor to war industries. The recruiting of all 
forms of labor has been controlled and directed by the service. A 
carefully evolved plan of clearance placed the resources of the entire 
State at the disposal of the essential industries in any particular dis- 
trict, and at the same time a system of operation by zones made it 
possible to supply the needs of these industries with as little geo- 
graphical redistribution as possible. Over 200,000 workers were sup- 
plied to war industries between August 1, 1918, when the enlarged 
system was put into operation, and the date of the signing of the 
armistice. An equally important task now faces the Service, in the 
transference of these workers back to peace-time industries and the 
finding of jobs for the thousands of men about to be released from 
military and naval service 

The urgent need of supplying agricultural labor was recognized 
by the creation of a special section of the Department known as the 
Committee on Agricultural Labor Service. Through this section local 
agricultural committees were organized and an agent, designated the 
County Manager for Farm Labor, was appointed in practically every 
county in the State. These managers acted as local representatives 
in obtaining information in regard to the needs of the farmers in their 
respective districts and in handling the placement of such labor as 
was available. In a number of communities Farm Emergency Corps 
were organized, and through these corps hundreds of business men 
in various parts of the State volunteered their services for one or more 
days each week during the peak season in order that the crops might 
all be harvested. The agents of the Agricultural Labor Service Com- 
mittee worked in co-operation with the Farm Bureau Agents in each 
county, and with the United States Department of Agriculture, whose 
representative made his headquarters with the Department of Civilian 
Service and Labor, and maintained a close contact with the Depart- 
ment in devising methods of supplying farmers with adequate labor. 

The recruiting of workers for war industries was carried on by 
the scouts of the United States Employment Service and by the de- 
velopment of three labor reserves initiated by the Federal Govern- 
ment and organized in this State under the Department of Civilian 
Service and Labor. Through these three reserves, namely, the Public 
Service Reserve, the Boys' Working Reserve and the Departments 
of Registration and Women in Industry of the Woman's Committee 

23 



of the Council of National Defense, the mobilization of an industrial 
army of men, boys and women, respectively, was effected, to supple- 
ment the ranks of persons seeking entrance into war work through 
the regular channels. 

The Public Service Reserve is a national organization founded 
by the United States Department of Labor for the purpose of 
enroling men who might wish to offer their services in a non-military 
capacity. While a general enrolment was at first contemplated, this 
was abandoned as plans developed, and the Reserve became the 
recruiting arm of the United States Employment Service, with the 
function of conducting a series of drives for workers who were 
needed for particular forms of Government or war work. Valuable serv- 
ice was rendered in enlisting men for civilian duty overseas, for 
shipyard work in this country, for clerical positions in Washington 
and for many other kinds of service. During the past few months 
the Reserve was active in organizing local support for the employ- 
ment offices throughout the State. 

The Boys' Working Reserve, which is affiliated with the section 
of Agricultural Labor Service, supervises the enlistment and place- 
ment of boys from 16 to 21 years of age in non-military service, par- 
ticularly along agricultural lines. Under the auspices of this reserve, 
approximately 5000 young men were placed in agricultural service 
during the season of 1918. About three-fourths of this number lived 
with the farmers for whom they were working, and the remainder in 
camps which were established and conducted by the Department. 

Early in 1918 the sum of $75,000 was appropriated by the State 
for equipment of camps and supervision of boys in agricultural serv- 
ice. The individual farms upon which members of the Reserve were 
placed were chosen with great care, and boys were visited by a corps 
of trained inspectors, to make sure that their environment was favor- 
able and their work satisfactory. In this manner adjustment of any 
difficulties arising between the boys and their employers was assured, 
and the danger of boys being placed in unsuitable positions or re- 
ceiving unfair treatment from the farmers averted. 

An important factor in the Farm Camp program was the main- 
tenance of a mobilization and training camp at State College. This 
institution generously loaned not only its entire equipment, but its 
force of agricultural instructors, for a period of eight weeks, and a 
force of 1000 boys received a training course of two weeks each, 
during which time they were instructed in the common farm prac- 
tices and operations. As a result, the city lad reported to his first job 
not only with a practical knowledge of the fundamental principles of 
harnessing, milking, planting and harvesting, but also with a body 
developed and hardened to meet the demands made by the strenuous 
activities of farm labor. An additional advantage was served in the 
fact that the boys who were physically or temperamentally unfitted 
for agricultural life were weeded out in the mobilization camp and 
the farmers were relieved of the trouble and expense of additional 
training. 

24 



The Supply Camps to which the boys were detailed after leaving 
the College were conducted under the direction of trained leaders, 
who assigned the boys to their daily tasks on the farms in the neigh- 
borhood and supervised their off-duty hours. The pleasures of camp- 
ing, with the social and recreational opportunities which it afforded, 
made the life exceedingly attractive, and it is notable that about 75 
per cent, of the young men entering this service remained until the 
end of the season, or until released by the completion of their work. 
It is believed that the utilization of boy-power contributed largely to 
the solution of the farm labor problem during the past season, and that 
the agricultural experience will prove a valuable factor in its effect 
on the boys both from a physical and disciplinary standpoint. 

A special section of the Department of Civilian Service and Labor 
was established to deal exclusively with problems relative to women 
in industry. This section was developed in connection with the 
Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense, and main- 
tained close co-operation with that organization in enroling women 
for war service, and in the study of the substitution of women for 
men and their placement and protection in war work. The Division 
of Women in Industry kept in constant touch with the women's offices 
of the United States Employment Service and rendered valuable 
service in the investigation of conditions surrounding the women 
workers in the various plants engaged in war work. In several of the 
crowded industrial centers housing surveys were made and remedial 
measures taken toward securing better quarters for women workers. 
Women employes in large numbers have sought the advice and assist- 
ance of this Department in the many and varied problems which have 
arisen in connection with their entrance into new and unusual occu- 
pations. 

The program of the Council of National Defense to increase the 
number of skilled workers by the establishment of intensive training 
courses in industrial establishments was worked out in Pennsylvania 
under the auspices of the Department of Civilian Service and 
Labor, and a special committee was formed under this Department to 
aid firms having Government contracts in developing courses of 
training in accordance with the plan outlined by the Committee on 
Industrial Training for War Emergency of the National Council. 
This Committee had conferences with a number of large employers 
of labor and rendered them material aid in devising methods of 
training suited to the needs of their respective plants. 

From its inception, the Department of Civilian Service and Labor 
endeavored to arouse the citizens of the State to a sense of the 
importance of the labor program and the necessity of the hearty and 
loyal support of the public in bringing the war to a successful issue. 
To secure the co-operation of labor and capital, the Department 
assisted the Emplo)^ment Service in establishing Community Labor 
Boards in 84 districts in the State, and placed the facilities of the 
county offices of the Pennsylvania Council of National Defense at 
the disposal of these boards. Through the local units of the Council, 

25 



contact with industrial conditions in various localities throughout 
the State was maintained, and surveys of labor conditions made from 
time to time for the information of the Department. Advice and help 
were given in the establishment and conduct of the Employment 
Service offices. 

Department of Military Service 

The primary duty outlined for this Department, co-operation 
with the Federal Government in the creation of the National Army, 
was actively prosecuted so long as the military authorities required 
the aid of civilian agencies in this particular field. Participation in 
recruiting activities, of course, ended with the full enforcement of 
the Selective Draft, but the Department later gave much assistance 
in draft registration as the various classes were called, and promoted 
preliminary military training for drafted men. It was a practical 
advocate of preliminary training up to the signing of the armistice. 

Registration of eligibles for the selective draft brought into play 
the services of the Department soon after it was organized. Recruit- 
ing efforts to bring the Regular Army and the National Guard up to 
full strength followed. In both instances the Department's work is 
conceded to have contributed very largely to the remarkable registra- 
tion and recruiting standards set by Pennsylvania. An analysis of 
the national recruiting figures discloses that Pennsylvania led all 
States in the number of men enlisting in the Regular Army. In 
registration for selective service the State practically made a 100 per 
cent, return of eligibles. 

Registration work was conducted along these lines : Directors 
of registration were named in the various counties and were placed in 
charge of the preliminary campaign to insure registration of all 
eligibles. Daily instructions issued from headquarters were carried 
out effectively by the county units. Thousands of posters, handbills, 
warning bulletins and other forms of publicity were employed to keep 
the day of registration before the public. 

It was at the request of this Department that the Postmaster 
General permitted free delivery of registration literature by rural 
mail carriers, a concession which was of immense benefit to registra- 
tion work throughout the United States. 

In some counties advance lists of known eligibles were prepared 
and other precautionary measures were taken to prevent registration 
delinquency. In many districts the registration workers either directly 
provided motor transportation or induced firms and organizations to 
provide such transportation as a means to speed up the enrolment of 
men within the prescribed age limit for military service. 

Recruiting of the Guard and Regular Army was aided by a care- 
fully planned campaign. Every form of publicity was employed, 
including the issuance of 70,000 recruiting posters and 200,000 leaflets 
adapted to the particular recruiting use of various Guard regiments. 
The newspapers loyally supported the effort by the publication of 

26 



daily news stories. A special two-column Guard recruiting story, pre- 
pared by the Department, appeared in a great majority of the 700 
newspapers of the State. Philadelphia regiments in need of special 
assistance were aided by the posting throughout the city of 24-sheet 
posters, and by the placing of correspondingly large signs on the 
armories. Motor service was also supplied for their recruiting forces. 
The assistance given to the Guard was highly praised by the various 
regimental commanders in letters to the Director of the Department. 

The call to the colors took from the Department its first Director, 
Avery D. Andrews, who entered the service in France as Colonel of 
Engineers, U. S. A., was subsequently promoted to the rank of Briga- 
dier General, and is at present Deputy Chief of Staff at General 
Headquarters in France. 

The present Director, who was appointed in the spring of 1918, 
in addition to continuing the original program of activities, rendered 
services of the Department to general patriotic propaganda. At his 
direction the Executive Secretary of the Department organized and 
arranged many mass meetings in Philadelphia and vicinity in aid of 
the Liberty Loan, War Chest and similar drives. The attendance 
of many hundreds of sailors, marines and soldiers and their bands 
was secured. Similar aid was given to the celebrations on Bastile 
Day and Britain Day. 

Assistance was given to the 18 to 45 draft registration, and to 
special military training units for draftees and others at such institu- 
tions as State College. Wide publicity was given to induce civilians 
possessing high school education to attend officers' training schools 
at such Government camps as Lee, Gordon, Pike, Taylor and 
Hancock. 

The Department aided in organizing boards of instruction for 
draft boards throughout the State. The district committees on mili- 
tary service assisted very materially. At the same time meas- 
ures were taken to establish preliminary military training units in 
various sections. By the time the armistice was declared so many 
of these preliminary training units had been established, and so 
effective was their work, that the majority of draftees in the State 
had the opportunity of going to camp as trained men, and very many 
accepted the opportunity. This work was noted with approval by 
the War Department. Major General Carter, U. S. A., expressed 
official appreciation to the Director. 

The Department issued literature which was widely distributed 
among selective service men, informing them of the advantages to be 
derived from preliminary training, and the list of places in each 
district where such training could be had. It also kept in circulation 
in theatres of the State six films of successful military training units 
to sustain interest in the work. 

Through the recommendation of the Department interest was 
inspired in the recognition by the various communities of heroism 
on the part of the men in the service, also in the erection of honor 

27 



rolls and temporary memorials carrying the record of those in the 
service. In many districts, in response to the Department's recom- 
mendation, the first Sunday of each month was set aside for a com- 
munity gathering or memorial service, at w^hich new names were 
added to the Honor Rolls. 

When, in the fall of 1918, the Government decided to establish 
the Student Army Training Corps and Student Naval Training Units 
in the various colleges throughout the State, the Department did 
much to bring these special advantages to the attention of eligibles. 
Pennsylvania's quota of 9243 was more than filled when the college 
and university sessions opened on October 1. Provision was made to 
have others attend vocational schools. Considerable literature and 
information was issued from time to time upon important questions 
relating to the Student Army Training Corps. 

Assistance in filling out questionnaires was given to thousands 
of men. A bureau of information and translations was organized in 
Philadelphia from among the members of the Student Army Training 
Corps, and was very useful in matters relating to the affairs of foreign- 
born draftees. 

The Department co-operated in furnishing transportation for 
officers and men in the service, and members of special commissions. 

Department of Naval Service 

Recruiting for the Navy, the Naval Militia and the Naval Coast 
Defense Reserve, and the creation of auxiliary defense fleets were the 
principal lines along which the activities of this Department were 
concentrated. 

A naval recruiting campaign was undertaken soon after the or- 
ganization of the Department, which resulted in fully 5000 men being 
enrolled in a few weeks. This by no means represents the extent to 
which recruiting efforts could have been carried, as owing to lack of 
naval housing facilities in this district, the Department was practically 
forced temporarily to suspend its recruiting work. Indications were 
that 25,000 men would have been enrolled by a continuance of the 
campaign. 

At one time there were seventy enrolment stations open for the 
distribution of recruiting literature and information. Recruiting trips 
were made up and down the Delaware River, securing a large number 
of men. Ten thousand window cards, 60,000 booklets and many thou- 
sand leaflets were used in the publicity effort. 

After several thousand men had been enrolled in the reserve the 
need of a camp for housing and training the recruits became apparent, 
and the Department secured a desirable site near Cape May, at a 
nominal rental of $1 for the duration of the war, which was equipped 
to accommodate 2000 men. The work of arranging for all the neces- 
sary camp facilities was handled by the Department. Through its 
efforts an expensive railroad siding was constructed by the Reading 
without cost to the Government. 

28 



Among the other achievements was the listing of boats in the 
district available for coast defense work, some of which were subse- 
quently taken over by the navy as mine sweepers. 

The co-operation of tugboat owners and the profifer of a number 
of these boats for naval service were also obtained. Assistance was 
given to naval training classes of the University of Pennsylvania in 
drill work. 

Largely as a result of the Department's activities, the city made 
a generous appropriation to improve sanitary conditions in and around 
League Island Navy Yard by the abatement of the fly and mosquito 
nuisance. Also, as a result of its work, additional barracks at the Navy 
Yard to house 5000 men were provided. 

Department of Volunteer Home Defense Police 

An auxiliary police service to supplement existing forces during 
war-time was provided through the creation of this Department. The 
Governor's signature, on July 18, 1917, to an Act of Assembly author- 
izing the commissioning of Volunteer Home Defense Police permxitted 
enrolment to begin under a plan which had been formulated some 
months previously. At the present time, 12,217 Volunteer Home De- 
fense Police are actually commissioned, drilled and in service, under 
direction of county superintendents. This service extends to 46 
counties of the State, but the more active operations of the police 
have been in 34 counties. Members of the force have the powers of 
policemen of first-class cities. 

The county plan of organization follows the headquarters and 
platoon system, headquarters being centrally located and platoons 
strategically placed to cover the designated territory and for rapid 
concentration in case the entire county forces are needed for service 
in any particular section. Enrolment includes owners of motor 
vehicles, who provide emergency transportation. 

In enrolling members, fitness was first passed upon in the local 
units, subject to approval of the Director of the Department. Mem- 
bers were separately commissioned by the Governor and invested with 
this specific authority : 

To prevent injury and destruction to the various industries of the 
Commonwealth by enemies' acts ; to suppress riots and tumults ; to 
preserve public peace and safety ; and to arrest upon view, without 
warrant, any person apprehended in the commission of any oflfense 
against the laws of the State or of the United States. The official 
insignia are an arm band and a badge. The arm band is worn only 
when its owner is on active duty, and the badge is worn visibly at such 
times. Members, however, keep their badges with them at all times 
as evidence of their authority to make arrests should they witness 
violation of the statutes when off duty. The arm band bears the 
coat-of-arms of Pennsylvania. Police equipment includes a "billy" 
and whistle. Insignia and equipment are furnished without cost to 
the police by the Pennsylvania Council of National Defense. 

29 



In a number of the counties the Volunteer Police have been uni- 
formed and equipped with rifles by the local Councils of National 
Defense. This is in addition to the regulation police equipment pro- 
vided by the State Council. 

Under the plan of organization, county forces are separate from 
those of the larger cities. Philadelphia and Pittsburgh have control 
of their own Defense Police, independent of the general State system, 
but all other Defense Police come under authority of this Department. 

Chiefs of police command in cities, township officers in first-class 
townships and authorized county officials control elsewhere. Men of 
military, naval or police experience were given preference in the ap- 
pointment of officers. 

Members were, of course, officially enrolled for local service only, 
but as the force is on a volunteer basis, they may volunteer for tem- 
porary service in any part of the State, should occasion require the 
mobilization of special forces to handle an extraordinary situation. 

Many units have received military instruction and drill in riot, 
fire and other police duties. County headquarters report direct to the 
Philadelphia headqviarters of the Department, thus keeping the Di- 
rector informed of local operations and enabling him to supervise 
mobilization movement and direct efforts in case of necessity. 

The police, in addition to performing routine police duty, have 
enforced regulations of the United States Food Administration, have 
investigated seditious activities, and made arrests at the instance of 
the United States Department of Justice. They have been active in 
locating and arresting deserters from the army camps ; have stopped 
the "underground" serving of liquor to service men ; aided in procur- 
ing a full registration of men of military age, and in many other ways 
have made themselves useful auxiliaries of the Government. 

Some of the police units have organized Secret Service divisions, 
which have been helpful to the Military Intelligence Department, 
U. S. A. When the War Department was advocating the preliminary 
training of drafted men, so that they would arrive in camp with some 
knowledge of military tactics, the Volunteer Police actively engaged 
in this work. They have also been of service in naturalization work. 
The aid rendered to the Government was recently made the subject 
of praise by Major General Carter, U. S. A., who, on behalf of the 
War Department, commended the volunteer policing as having been 
of notable military value in relieving the department of the necessity 
of taking many protective measures. 

During the recent influenza epidemic the police gave assistance 
in quarantine work, which was considered necessary in many sections. 
They also manned ambulances and assisted at hospitals where or- 
derly service was inadequate to meet the epidemic crisis. 

The organizer of the force, Lieutenant-Colonel John C. Groome, 
Signal Corps, U. S. A., is at present in charge of the United States 
MilitaryPolice service in France. Lieutenant-Colonel Groome was 

30 



also the organizer of the famous Pennsylvania State Constabulary, 
and at the War Department's request was given leave-of-abence from 
his command of that organization to direct the army police service 
abroad. 

The Volunteer Home Defense Police are generally recognized to 
have had a potent moral influence which prevented disorder from 
coming to a head in sections where sedition probably would have 
been open had there been no preparation made to keep it in check. 
The State authorities- have requested that the organization be kept 
intact and in service until the final peace settlement. 

Department of Railroads 

In the creation of the Department of Railroads it was recognized 
that the railroad problem during war-time was primarily of national 
concern, and that State activity should be merged with Federal effort. 
Naturally, the Department formulated plans and proceeded with its 
work as an integral unit of the greater national system of railroads. 
The action of the Government in assuming entire control and direction 
of the roads, of course, supplanted all other operating activities and 
relieved all State committees of the necessity of giving special atten- 
tion to the subject of railroad service. 

It may not be inappropriate to state that the Director of this 
Department was one of the group of railroad presidents into whose 
control was submitted the management for war purposes of the entire 
railroad mileage of the country before a Federal Director was named. 

Department of Electric Railways and Motors 

The importance of electric railways as war auxiliaries of the steam 
roads is obvious, hence the organization of a separate department 
to co-ordinate the operations of the State-wide electric systems and 
to arrange for service contact between the steam and electric roads 
in case of necessity. 

Electric railways were confronted with many problems of opera- 
tion and extension incidental to the state of war, also the imposition 
of restrictions by the Fuel Administration. In meeting local demands 
and delivering the utmost service they placed a strain upon their 
facilities much beyond the normal requirements. In this way they 
contributed more or less directly to the success of the larger trans- 
portation program of the Federal Director of Railroads. Had greater 
efforts been required in meeting the national transportation emer- 
gency, they were ready at all times to assume specially assigned 
service. 

Department of Highways and Waterways 

The Department of Highways and Waterways was created to 
inquire into the availability of rivers, canals and highways of Penn- 
sylvania as transportation resources; to give consideration to their 

31 



utilization and to the solution of problems arising therefrom, and, in 
particular, to give careful study to the conditions of roads throughout 
the State. 

As official State organizations and departments are charged with 
direct responsibility for the construction, maintenance and control 
of these arteries of traffic, many phases of the Department's work were 
limited to co-operative effort. In this connection it found oppor- 
tunity to render road development service of immediate benefit to 
several districts and also of general benefit in the State-wide plan of 
improved transportation facilities. 

Other activities of the Department included consideration of 
legislation for general road improvement. The Department main- 
tained close working contact with the State Highways Transport 
Committee to prevent overlapping of effort where activities of both 
Departments related to highway matters. 

Woman's Committee 

The Woman's Committee of the Pennsylvania Council of National 
Defense has a complete organization, with 75 chairman in the 67 
counties of the State. This division was organized with Departments 
of Registration and Organization, Food Conservation and Production, 
Women in Industry, Child Welfare, Education, including Speakers' 
Bureau and Americanization ; Liberty Loan, Foreign Relief, Health 
and Recreation and Bureau of Information. There was also a stand- 
ing Committee on Nursing. 

What the division accomplished in Pennsylvania represents not 
only an army of women interested in the work of the various depart- 
ments, but a splendid mobile force that may be swung into action to 
meet any emergency. The registration of women for war service to 
fill places in industry left vacant by men called to the colors was an 
important work, very efficiently handled by the Department of Regis- 
tration, co-operating with the Director of Women in Industry. This 
registration was conducted in 56 counties, and 315,000 women were 
enrolled. The Department furnished 6000 women as volunteer regis- 
trars to make the enrolment. 

In addition to leading to many actual placements of workers in 
paid and volunteer positions through this service, large numbers of 
women were located, subject to call for special emergency service. 
The registration was of particular value when the epidemic of influ- 
enza swept over the State in October, 1918. It was the means of 
securing great forces of women for the nursing of the sick, more de- 
tailed mention of which is made in a special report of the Woman's 
Division covering epidemic work. Many volunteers were obtained 
to manage diet kitchens, seamstresses to provide clothing and house- 
keepers to care for the homes of stricken families. 

The Department of Food Conservation and Production worked 
in complete co-operation with the United States Food Administration 
in Pennsylvania. Through this Department community kitchens and 

32 



canning centers were organized in every county of the State. Demon- 
strators were supplied to instruct housewives in the use of cereal sub- 
stitutes, woman speakers were supplied at county food meetings, 
teachers' institutes and county fairs, and great assistance was given 
in the feeding of stricken families and convalescents during the epi- 
demic. Especial attention was paid to personal instruction of foreign- 
born residents in following the program of the Food Administration. 

Important duties were assigned to the Department of Women in 
Industry. It was recognized that every facility must be given to the 
Government in meeting the industrial needs of the war, but, on the 
other hand, the Department em.phasized that the employment of 
women to fill these needs in Government plants be accompanied by 
the establishing of such standards as would fully protect women 
workers. It strenuously urged the right of the woman worker to a 
fair wage, legal working hours and proper environment, and in return 
asked from the working woman a spirit of co-operation and patriotic 
service. 

A definite policy of recruiting for war work was followed and 
placements were made only where working conditions were good. 
At the same time a campaign was conducted for improvement of 
working and wage conditions in all essential industries. More than 
160 vocations were listed in which women might be usefully employed, 
and the necessary organization perfected to bring prospective workers 
and employers into contact. The Department was very active in the 
recruiting of women for service in the Land Army of America, and 
assisted in establishing units in many counties. These units were of 
particular service in agriculture in the southeastern section of the 
State. 

The placing of women in large numbers in industrial plants cre- 
ated a need for women employment managers, and many of the largest 
firms in the State applied to the Department, and through it were 
furnished with such managers. Other special workers were also sup- 
plied upon request. After the appointment of a Federal Director of 
Employment for Pennsylvania, the Director of Women in Industry 
gave co-operation in an advisory capacity, and the Department also 
co-operated in every way with the Civilian Service Department of the 
Pennsylvania Council. 

The Department on Child Welfare was affiliated with the Child 
Welfare Division of the Pennsylvania Council, and they jointly con- 
ducted the work. This work related to various phases of health and 
sanitation affecting infant and child welfare, and is referred to in the 
report of the Civic Relief Department of the Pennsylvania Council. 
The joint effort was under the direction of the Division of Child 
Hygiene of the State Department of Health. 

Fifty-one counties possessed Departments of Education organ- 
ized by the Woman's Committee. Enrolled in this Department were 
more than 500 women throughout the State, who served as speakers 
upon assigned topics. This Department gave special attention to the 

33 



subject of Americanization, and its speaking organization is still 
enrolled for service in behalf of that work. The Department in many 
districts has secured the co-operation of social welfare agencies, 
teachers' associations, religious societies and other agencies, to carry 
out an Americanization program along lines that may be suggested 
in future. 

The Department of Foreign Relief acted as a co-ordinating agency 
in bringing together war relief organizations, securing unity of ac- 
tivity and reducing duplication of effort to a minimum. It was of 
special service to the Emergency Aid and the Fatherless Children of 
France, the Belgian and the French Committees. 

Another Department, the Liberty Loan Department, was of 
great assistance in the various Loan drives. This Department was 
responsible for securing subscriptions of $225,000,000 during the 
Fourth Loan Campaign, thus enabling Pennsylvania to go "Over the 
Top" in the Fourth, as well as the Third, Loan drive. The Depart- 
ment of Flealth and Recreation concerned itself with co-ordinating all 
agencies and organizations doing work for women and girls. Through 
questionnaires it collated information relative to necessary welfare 
work which should be undertaken in various sections of the State, 
and it made this information available to agencies which could be of 
service in that work. 

Publicity and correlated effort were in charge of the Bureau of 
Information, which aimed to give women the benefit of such experi- 
ences as radically transformed life for the women abroad. Foreign 
pamphlets on women's war work were obtained and placed at the 
disposal of women engaged in war activities. Research work was 
conducted for their benefit, and much original publicity material was 
issued. This included the "News Letter," a monthly publication de- 
voted to the activities of the Woman's Division. A directory of 
training courses, both professional and vocational, for women in the 
State of Pennsylvania, was compiled, and will be of value during the 
present reconstruction period. 

A registration of graduate and pupil nurses, and a complete index- 
ing of this enrolment' were accomplished by the Standing Committee 
on Nursing, with the assistance of the Department on Registration. 
This index included 11,606 graduate nurses and 4842 pupil nurses, 
enrolled in 186 training schools. It was a survey of value to the Sur- 
geon-General of the Army, as showing a nursing strength sufficient 
to permit of a heavy draft for military purposes. The committee 
encouraged young women to take up the profession of nursing and 
assisted in securing the entrance of hundreds of young women into the 
United States Student Nurse Reserve. Its lists of nurses enabled it 
to place the State Department of Health in touch with 11,098 women, 
who were called upon for service during the disastrous influenza 
epidemic. 

The Woman's Division, confronted by the most distressing needs, 
arising from the ravages of the epidemic in all parts of the State, 
promptly concentrated its activities upon relief work. A temporary 

34 



Department, the Emergency Nursing Service, was organized, with 
headquarters in the building of the Emergency Aid, 1428 Walnut 
Street, Philadelphia. All calls for assistance were answered and 
nurses were circuited. A list of assignments made in Philadelphia 
alone totaled 1135 epidemic workers, including 628 hospital volun- 
teers, aides and helpers, 153 volunteers on private cases, and 82 practi- 
cal nurses on private cases. Directors of the various departments 
went directly to hospitals, where they worked in the wards, assisted 
in the kitchens, and in other ways gave much-needed service. In- 
cluded in this service was the establishment, in other sections, of 
emergency hospitals. 

As the counties fell under the scourge the several County Chair- 
men found themselves besieged with calls for assistance. By calling 
upon the County Director of Registration, each County Chairman 
was able to get in touch with hundreds of volunteers eager to serve 
as nurses' assistants or general helpers in hospitals, private homes 
and institutions. In many instances the Directors of Registration in 
those counties which were not seriously in need of assistance answered 
the calls of their neighboring counties and supplied many volunteer 
workers. 

A detailed report of the entire work of the Woman's Committee, 
with special mention of the State-wide service rendered during the 
epidemic, is being issued separately. 

War History Commission 

Steps were taken, by the appointment of a War History Commis- 
sion of the Pennsylvania Council of National Defense, to make a 
permanent record of the military, economic and civic participation 
of Pennsylvania in the great war. Eminent historians, experts in 
research work and prominent citizens constitute this Commission, 
which has divided its work into two principal divisions, one of which 
is making a record of all Pennsylvanians who have entered into the 
military or naval service of the United States or any of the Allies. 
The other division is recording the commercial, industrial and civic 
activities of the State during the war period. The Commission is 
co-operating in the collection and preservation of war records with 
local historical societies. Chambers of Commerce, trade organizations, 
educational authorities, and other agencies, for the purpose of making 
the permanent record of Pennsylvania's war participation full, com- 
plete and authentic. 



35 



APPENDIX 

PENNSYLVANIA COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE 

AND 
COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY 

TREASURER'S REPORT 

Headquarters 
Seventh Floor, Finance Building 

To Philadelphia, January 7, 1919. 

George Wharton Pepper, Esq., 
Chairman. 

Sir: I herewith submit my report as Treasurer of the Pennsyl- 
vania Council of National Defense and Committee of Public Safety 
covering a period from the inauguration of the work, April 14, 1917, 
to December 31, 1918, inclusive, with data relating to the various 
departmental activities to give an understanding of the scope and 
progress of the work, so far as the same is shown upon the books of 
the Treasurer's Office. This report embraces the information and 
statistics in my First Annual Report, dated June 7, 1918, covering 
a period from April 14, 1917, to May 31, 1918, inclusive (the end of 
the fiscal year of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania). 

For the sake of convenient record, a brief outline is again inserted 
of the system adopted by the Committee relative to the funds placed 
in its custody. 

All funds at the disposal of the Committee come out of the 
$2,000,000 appropriated by the Legislature in 1917, and by it placed 
in charge of the Commission of Public Safety and Defense, consisting 
of the Governor, the Lieutenant-Governor, the State Treasurer, the 
Auditor General and the Adjutant General. This Commission in turn 
allots such sums to the Council and Committee as the members of that 
Commission think proper, after due consideration and action upon 
requisitions made. 

The Lieutenant-Governor, Honorable Frank B. McClain, has 
spent much time at the Committee's Headquarters in Philadelphia, 
and has attended its meetings in order to familiarize himself with the 
scope of the work. 

Requisitions, when made by the Committee, are formally pre- 
sented to the Commission for their consideration at their meetings in 
Harrisburg by the Executive Manager of the Committee, Mr. Lewis 
S. Sadler, and its Executive Secretary, Colonel Lewis E. Beitler. 

Funds thus received by the Treasurer are immediately deposited 
at Drexel & Co. to the credit of the Pennsylvania Council of National 
Defense and Committee of Public Safety, and can be disbursed from 
this account only by action of the Executive Committee authorizing 
and directing the Treasurer to make payments for the purposes as 

37 



exhibited by the minutes of the proceedings of the Committee. In 
order properly to supervise receipts and expenditures, the system 
adopted has been as follows : 

An accountant for the Treasurer was appointed by him and con- 
firmed by the Committee, who is under salary, and devotes his entire 
time to the work. Mr. John Radcliffe, for many years in the Account- 
ing Department of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, was granted 
a leave of absence by that company for this purpose, and has been in 
service every day since April, 1917. At the beginning, arrangements 
v/ere made by the Treasurer for monthly audits of the accounts by 
Messrs. Lybrand, Ross Bros. & Montgomery, Certified Public Account- 
ants, who volunteered their services without compensation as a public 
duty, and began their work. It became unnecessary to continue this 
audit, however, because by the courtesy of Honorable Charles A. 
Snyder, Auditor General of Pennsylvania, a representative of his office, 
Mr. H. R. Purple, was specially assigned to this duty, and has spent 
practically his entire time at the Committee's headquarters engaged 
in daily audits. 

Reports in detail have been regularly made by the Treasurer 
fortnightly to the Executive Committee and presented at each of their 
regular meetings. Duplicates of these reports have been also sent 
regularly the same day to the Auditor General. 

Purchases of supplies of all sorts for the various departments 
have been made from the lowest responsible bidders by the Treasurer's 
Accountant, acting in conference with the Executive Manager, Mr. 
Lewis S. Sadler, and the Executive Secretary, Colonel Lewis E, Beit- 
ler. Office furniture and equipment for the central headquarters in 
Philadelphia have been bought under an arrangement for return after 
the work of the Committee has ceased, and an allowance made on 
the cost thereof. All other furniture and equipment for various county 
offices throughout the State according to complete inventories thereof 
in the Treasurer's office will be disposed of as directed by the Board 
of Commissioners of Public Grounds and Buildings at Harrisburg, 
according to law. 

All bills over $25.00 are approved before payment by the signa- 
ture of the Director of the Department incurring same ; under that 
amount by the Executive Secretary of the Department and, after 
approval by the Treasurer's Accountant, are identified by the signature 
of the Executive Secretary of the Committee as applicable for payment 
in accordance with action taken in regard to the matter to which 
they are chargeable, either by the Executive or Advisory Committee, 
and have the signature of Mr. Arthur E. Newbold, Chairman of the 
Finance Committee. 

Bills are paid by voucher drawn upon Drexel & Co., the deposi- 
tory of the funds of the Committee received from the Commission. 
These vouchers bear upon their face proper words of description and 
explanation to identify the respective accounts with the bills, and are 
verified from the approved bills by the signature of Colonel Lewis E. 
Beitler, Executive Secretary of the Committee; of Mr. Arthur E. 

38 



Newbold, Chairman of the Finance Committee, and of Mr. John Rad- 
cliffe, Treasurer's Accountant, thus directing their signature and issue 
by the Treasurer. 

These vouchers, when paid, are returned to the Committee for its 
permanent files. The original bills and accompanying documents 
when paid and receipted go to the Auditor General's Department at 
Harrisburg, and remain there as required by law. The accounting 
upon the books of the Committee carries an appropriate number of 
headings representing the respective departments of the work. Re- 
ceipts of funds from the Commission and disbursements thereof are 
credited to and chargeable against these respective ' divisions of 
accounts. 

Persons are employed only upon the written request of the Di- 
rector of each Department, passed upon by the Executive Manager, 
recommended by the Advisory Committee, and finally ratified by 
recorded action of the Executive Committee, as shown by the minutes 
of its meetings, whereon each name and amount of salary appears. 

County Executive Secretaries, nominated by the various County 
Committees, are confirmed after consultation with and approval by 
the Lieutenant-Governor, and their salaries and allowances for ex- 
penses are passed upon by the Executive Committee with due regard 
to the local conditions and the scope of the work in the respective 
counties. The itemized expenses of such County Committees bear the 
signature of the Chairmen of such Committees in approval of same. 

This report summarizes the condition of the various activities of 
the Committee so far as they are shown by the expenditures applicable 
thereto, without going into more detail than is practicable herein. 
Tables are also appended showing the number of persons emploved 
throughout the Counties of the State. These tables do not, of course, 
uiclude the many persons throughout the Commonwealth who are 
members of the General Pennsylvania Council of National Defense 
and Committee of Public Safety and of the County Committees, their 
number now totaling some 15,000, who serve as volunteers and 'with- 
out pay. 

By arrangement with the United States Government, the Depart- 
ments of Civilian Service and Labor and Food Supply are co-ordinated 
with the Federal authorities and carry on these branches of the work 
under a plan of sharing the expenses thereof. These branches of the 
Committee's work have grown steadily with consequent increased 
expenditures. The rent of their offices, occupying two entire floors 
at the Committee's headquarters. Finance Building, Philadelphia, was 
paid by the Pennsylvania Council and Committee of Public Safety; 
and salaries of employes and their expenses are also paid as have been 
agreed upon from time to time by the Committee. 

Immediately after the signing of the armistice on November 11, 
1918, the Executive Committee determined to dispense with the serv- 
ices of salaried employes and to reduce office expenses throughout 
the State from and after December 31, 1918. This action of the Execu- 

39 



live Committee applied to County Executive Secretaries and office 
expenses in all but four of the seventy local County Committees ; to 
all managers of Farm Labor Bureaus, Boys' Working Reserves, 
Woman's Committees, expenses of Bureau of Four Minute Speakers, 
expenses of Construction and Materials Department, co-operating 
with the Federal Government, and generally to every department whose 
activities could be summarily curtailed. At the Headquarters office 
of the Council reductions were made to as great an extent as was 
possible, in view of the requirements of bringing all the work of the 
Council to a final close, and the accounting therefor to the Commission 
and to the Auditor General. In the four cities of Philadelphia, Pitts- 
burgh, Erie and Scranton, the office expenses were also cut 50 per 
cent, from and after December 31, 1918, but it was not possible to 
terminate absolutely the activities under way there without detri- 
ment to the interests of the State. A longer closing period was there- 
fore determined upon as advisable in the places named by the Execu- 
tive Committee, with the expectation that this might be accomplished 
within 60 days, as hereinafter mentioned. Leases of space in the 
Finance Building, Philadelphia, were cancelled, for the front half of 
the tenth floor, as of January 1, 1919, and the rear half of the tenth floor 
as of February 1, 1919, and rooms on the fourth and seventeenth floors 
as of January 1, 1919. 

The remaining leases for other floors in the Headquarters, Finance 
Building, Philadelphia, namely, the second, running until August 15, 
1919; the seventh, until April 15, 1919, and the eleventh, until Febru- 
ary 15, 1919, are dependent upon the continuance of the duties of the 
Departments of Food Supply, Labor, Americanization. Woman's Com- 
mittee, Civic Relief and Child Welfare, and State Volunteer Police, 
until they can be transferred to other recognized agencies of the 
Commonwealth and their work carried on without loss to the public 
welfare. 

As soon as this can be accomplished in the near future the ac- 
counts of the Council and Committee will be brought down from the 
date of this report, December 31, 1918, by a supplement thereo, cover- 
ing such closing period ; and filed with the Commission of Public 
Safety and Defense at Harrisburg, and also with the Auditor General 
of the Commonwealth. 

Unless war contingencies arise in the near future, which are at 
present unforeseen, the Council believes that the appropriations made 
to it by the Commission, as referred to in this report, will prove more 
than sufficient to cover the outstanding expenses of the Council, to- 
gether with those necessary in the closing period of its work during 
the coming few weeks ; and the balance of cash in its hands will then, 
of course, be returned to the control and disposition of the proper 
authorities of the State. 

Very respectfully, 

(Signed) EFFINGHAM B. MORRIS, 

Treasurer. 

40 



INCOME ACCOUNT 

Amounts received at Sundry Dates from April 14, 1917, to December 
31, 1918, from Appropriations made by the Commission 
of Public Safety and Defense to the Pennsyl- 
vania Council of National Defense and 
Committee of Public Safety 

For general organization purposes and expenses $129,000.00 

For use in co-operating with the Governmental Agencies and carrying 
out their orders for the conser\-atibn, distribution and marketing of 

Food Products „ „ 150,000.00 

For actual expenditures incurred in assisting with the Federal Registra- 
tion of male persons in Pennsylvania between the ages of 21 and 31 4,284.33 

For use in paying salaries of County Executive Secretaries and office 
and incidental expenses of Local Committees and Woman's Commit- 
tees throughout the State _ ._. _ „.... 205,000.00 

To assist in recruiting the quota of Pennsylvania's troops required by 

the National and State Military Forces „ 10,000.00 

For use in paying expenses of preliminary organization, office force, etc., 
and for the prosecution of the work of the following Departments : 

Allied Bodies _ „ „ 3,000.00 

Civic Relief _ _ 14,500.00 

Civilian Service and Labor _ _ „ 264,250.00 

Construction and Materials _ 1,000.00 

Medicine, Sanitation and Hospitals _ „ 4,500.00 

Military Service „ _ 5,000.00 

Publicity and Education „ _ 66,000.00 

Volunteer Home Defense Police _ „ 21,500.00 

War History Commission — Hon. Wm. C. Sproul, Chairman 5,000.00 

Woman's Committee „ „_ __ „ 8,250.00 

For use in paying expenses incurred by Department of Naval Service 
in its recruiting campaign for the United States Navy an-d Naval 
Reserves _ 6,000.00 



Total „ „ ■,. ■$897,284.33 

On September 4, 1917, refund was made to the Secretary-Treasurer of 
the Commission of Public Safety and Defense of unused portion of 
appropriation of $10,000, authorized July 3, 1917, for recruiting the 
quota of Pennsylvania's Troops required for the State and National 

Military Forces 4,740.86 

Net Total . .$892,543.47 

EXPENSE ACCOUNT 

General Administration _ „ $124,219.75 

Food Supply _ 149,025.18 

Registration „.... 4,284.33 

Expenses of Local Committees in 67 Counties of State „. 204,192.07 

Recruiting ...„ 5,259.14 

Allied Bodies „ _ 2,236.81 

Civic Relief _ „ 13,913.51 

Civilian Service and Labor _ „ 263,1 78.99 

Construction and Materials „ _ L230.81 

Medicine, Sanitation and Hospitals „ _ 4,146.87 

Military Service , „ _ _ 1,356.71 

Publicity and Education 7L682.08 

Volunteer Home Defense Police 20^830.81 

War History Commission— Hon. Wm. C. Sproul, Chairman „ 3,233.91 

Woman's Committee _ „.... 7,901.76 

Naval Service 5^436.43 



Total $882,129.16 

41 



SUMMARY 

Total Net Income $892,543.47 

Total Expenses 882,129. 16 

Balance on hand December 31, 1918 $10,414.31 

Note: On April 14, 1917, Mr. E. T. Stotesbury advanced the Committee $25,000, 
without interest, to carry on its work until funds were received from the State. 
It was returned to him on June 1, 1917, with the thanks of the Committee. 

Of the balance on hand December 31, 1918, there is: 
In Bank _- - $3,964.31 

The Executive Committee authorized the following advances 

made : 

To Mr. Benjamin H. Ludlow, Chairman, Pennsylvania Division of Four 
Minute Men, to pay transportation and hotel expenses of men en- 
gaged as public speakers to tour the State on behalf of Liberty 
Loans, Food Conservation and Production and other undertakings ; 
properly receipted bills to be furnished for all expenditures, unex- 
pended balance, if any, to be returned to the Treasurer. 

March 1, 1918 $500 

May 13, 1918 1500 

2,000.00 

To Mr. Henry V. Gummere, Superintendent of Labor Reserves, Depart- 
ment of Civilian Service and Labor, to pay preliminary expenses 
incurred in connection with establishing Liberty Camps for Farm 

Labor throughout the State; properly receipted bills to be furnished 
for such portion thereof as may be expended; unexpended balance, 
if any, to be returned to the Treasurer. 

April 19, 1918 $500 

June 17, 1918 3500 

4,000.00 

To Mr. Robert D. Dripps, Executive Secretary-, Philadelphia Council 

of National Defense, Liberty Building, Philadelphia, to be used 

as cash on hand with which to pay petty incidental expenses 100.00 

Cash in safe to pay petty expenses 350.00 

Total $10,414.31 

CLASSIFICATION OF EXPENSE ACCOUNTS 

Salaries „ $271,753.34 

Rents - 50,868.42 

Office Expenses 6,531.62 

Stationery and printing _ 90,449.37 

Furniture and Fixtures 24,019.10 

Postage 15,056.97 

Advertising _ 6,023.86 

Telephone and Telegraph 16,030.44 

Expenses of Local Committees _ „ 201,280.06 

Camp Supplies and Expenses of Boys' Working Reserve 37,976.49 

Photographic Supplies and Expenses _ 3,441 . 14 

Home Defense Police Supplies and Expenses 14,547.98 

Military Supplies and Expenses 2,190.43 

Xaval Supplies and Expenses 2,Z2Z!12 

Traveling and Incidental Expenses Thereof 80,928.49 

Publicity Expenses _ 4,006.98 

42 



Miscellaneous _.- — 20,242.19 

Food Conservation Train — Expenses of _ _ 1 1,163.05 

War Kitchens — Expenses of _..._ 974.23 

County Federal Food Administrators — Expenses of _ _ 22,321.28 



Total „: $882,129.16 



Statement Showing Appropriations Received from the Commission of 
Public Safety and Defense of the Commonwealth of Pennsyl- 
vania and Amounts Expended or Refunded, etc., from 
April 14, 1917, to December 31, 1918. 

Amount of Amt. Actually Balance of Amt. 
Departments Appropriation 

Received 

1. Finance (General Administra- 

tion) _ ...$129,000.00 

2. Publicity and Education 66,000.00 

3. Legislation _ „ 

4. Allied Bodies _ 3,000.00 

5. Medicine, Sanitation and Hospi- 

tals - „ 4,500.00 

6. Civic Relief 14.500.00 

7. Food Supply 150,000.00 

8. Construction and Materials 1,000.00 

9 Plants 

10. Highways Transport Committee 

11. Civilian Service and Labor 196,424.31 

Farm Camps 67,825.69 

12. Military Service 5,000.00 

Registration 4,284.33 

Recruiting „ 10,000.00 

13. Naval Service 6,000.00 

14. Volunteer Home Defense Police 21,500.00 

15. Railroads .._ _ 

Electric Railways and Motors 

Highways and Waterways _ _ 

16. Woman's Committee 8,250.00 7,901.76 348.24 

For Salaries of County Execu- 
tive Secretaries and office 
and incidental expenses of 
County Committees ; also 
County Expenses of Wom- 
an's Committees throughout 
the State 205,000.00 204,192.07 807.93 

War History Commission 5,000.00 3,233.91 1,766.09 



Expended or 
Refunded 

$124,219.75 
71,682.08 


Received Un- 
expended 

$4,780.25 
5,682.08 def. 


2,236.81 

4,146.87 

13,913.51 

149,025.18 

1,230.81 


763.19 

353.13 
586.49 
974.82 
230.81 def. 






195,353.30 

67,825.69 

1,356.71 

4,284.33 


1,071.01 
3,643.29 


5,259.14 




4,740.86 re 
5,436.43 
20,830.81 


:f. 

563.57 
669.19 



Total $897,284.33 $886,870.02 $10,414.31 

Def.— Deficit. 
Ref. — Refunded. 

43 



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44 



PENNSYLVANIA COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE 

AND 

COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY 

IN ACCOUNT WITH 

COMMISSION OF PUBLIC SAFETY AND DEFENSE 

Total amount received to December 31, 1918 - $897,284.33 

Total amount vouchers filed for credit with Commission $862,791.50 

Refund to Secretary-Treasurer of the Commission of Public 
Safety and Defense unused portion of appropriation 

of $10,000 authorized for Recruiting 4.740.86 

$867,532.36 

Balance of current accounting with Commission of Public Safety and 
Defense represented by outstanding bills in course of examination 
and approval and sundry cash balances, returnable from appro- 
priations made or otherwise $29,751 .97 

EXPENSES BY MONTHS 

From April 14, 1917, to December 31, 1918 

1917 

April 14 to 30, inclusive - $1,1 13.42 

May 11,426.58 

June „ _ ...- 15,539.97 

July _ 17,386.06 

August - 17,893.42 

September „ _ 22,656.92 

October _.. _ ...._ 17,924.51 

November _ 20,306.29 

December „ 25,359.60 

1918 

January _ 34,577.63 

February _ ..„ _ 43,110.85 

March _ 42,513.68 

April _ _ 45,326.77 

May _„ 53,785.63 

June 57,607.70 

July _ 68,078.22 

August „. 65,998.51 

September _ _ _ 83,685.84 

October „ _ 86,142.39 

November „ 76,796.78 

December „ _ 74,898.39 



Total : $882,129.16 



45 



Outline of General and Sub-Departments of the Pennsylvania Council 

of National Defense and Committee of Public Safety During 

the Period Covered by this Report, Showing Total 

Number of Salaried Employes and 

Total Monthly Salaries. 

Immediately after the signing of the armistice on November 11, 
1918, reductions in force were made and the services of 273 employes 
were dispensed with between that date and December 31, 1918. From 
and after December 31, 1918, only persons necessary to close the 

business entrusted to the Pennsylvania Council of National Defense 
are retained. 

Total No. Total of 

Division of Administration : Employes Monthly Salaries 

Executive 1 $200.00 

Accounting 14 1,650.00 

Stenographic 19 1,844.67 

Publicity and Education - 10 1,331.67 

Department Four Minute Men and Speakers' Bureau... 14 1,847.66 

Allied Bodies „ _ _ 

Legislation 

County Executive Secretaries in 65 Counties 69 5,917.50 

Other County Employes : 

Assist. Sec'ys., Office Assts., etc 11 1,866.67 

Stenographers 53 3,349.67 

Clerks 21 1,575.00 

Janitors _ _ 2 17.50 

Woman's Committee 5 450.00 

War History Commission 5 520.00 

Administration (Miscellaneous) 6 499.66 

Total 230 $21,070.00 

Division of Relief : 

Medicine, Sanitation and Hospitals 1 65.00 

Civic Relief 1 95.00 

Total 2 $160.00 

Division of Equipment and Supply : 

Food Supply 32 2,475.00 

Construction and Materials 1 150.00 

Plants 

Highv^rays Transport Committee _ 

Total 33 $2,625.00 

Division of Service: 

Military 1 83.33 

Naval „ 

Civilian Service and Labor: 

General Headquarters (Finance Building) 31 3,775.65 

17 Employment Bureaus (15 counties) 50 4,589.32 

56 Farm Labor Bureaus (55 counties) 36 3,01 5.(X) 

(20 employes serve v^^ithout salary). 

Farm Camps (34 Camp Leaders) 27 2,133.33 

(7 employes serve without salary). 

Boys' Working Reserve 6 754.33 

Volunteer Home Defense Police „ 1 200.00 

Total ..._ 152 $14,550.96 

Division of Transportation: 

Railroads 

Electric Railvv^ays and Motors _ - - 

Highways and Waterways 

Total „ .7417 $38,405.96 

46 



Classification of Salaried Employes During the Period Covered by 

This Report. 

Total No. Total of 

OccuPATioisr Employes Monthly Salaries 

Secretary of Committee 1 $200.00 

Treasurer's Accountant 1 250.00 

Auditor _ 1 250.00 

Accountant 1 200.00 

Departmental Secretaries _ 20 3,113.33 

County Executive Secretaries _ 69 5,917.50 

Assistants to Directors _ 6 1,366.66 

Superintendent Labor Reserves 1 250.00 

Field Agents 6 649.99 

Publicity Agents 3 458.32 

Office Managers 2 200.00 

Office Assts., Asst. Sectys., etc 30 4,316.01 

Superintendents of Employment Bureaus 15 1,863.32 

Managers of Farm Labor Bureaus 35 2,950.00 

(20 Managers serve without salary). 

Leaders of Farm Camps 27 2,133.33 

Departmental Chief Clerks 2 291.67 

Stenographers - 110 8,091.33 

Clerks „ 59 4,256.00 

Typists .- 2 156.00 

File Clerks ._ 6 495.00 

Mail and Stock Clerks ._ 2 138.00 

Telephone Operators _ _ 5 383.00 

Doorkeepers ._ 3 188.00 

Messengers 2 100.00 

Watchman 1 22.00 

Janitresses - 2 52.00 

Janitors 5 114.50 

Total _ „....- - 417 $38,405.96 



47 



From and after December 31, 1918, only persons necessary to 
close the business entrusted to the Pennsylvania Council of National 
Defense are retained. 

The following classification of expense accounts distributes the 
amounts paid. The text shows the character of expenses included in 
the various accounts enumerated below : 

1. Salaries: EXPENSE ACCOUNTS 

Pay of employes in all Departments excepting salaries paid to County 
Executive Secretaries, employes of their offices, and employes in offices 
of County Federal Food Administrators. 

2. Rents: 

Charges covering payment of rent of all offices, except County Councils 
and Committees' expenses for rents. 
Chargeable to account 9. 

3. Office Incidental Expenses: 

Cost of usual office sundries. 

4. Stationery and Printing: 

Cost of stationery, such as letter paper, envelopes, ink, pens, blotters, books, 
typewriters, typewriter ribbons, printed circulars, posters or hangers for 
distribution, etc. 

5. Furniture and Fixtures: 

Cost of desks, chairs, tables, window shades, awnings, etc. 

6. Postage: 

Cost of stamps, parcel post, etc. 

7. Advertising: 

Cost of notices or printed matter in newspapers or periodicals. 

8. Telegraph and Telephone: 

Charges for telegrams, messenger service, rent for telephone and charges 
for telephone service. 

9. Expenses of County Committees: 

Salaries of County Executive Secretaries, employes of their offices, and 
allowance for office rent, stationery, etc., of both Men's and Woman's 
Committees. 

10. Camp Supplies and Expenses Boys' Working Reserve: 

Cost of tents and other materials, expenses of cooks, supplies, etc. 

11. Photographic Supplies and Expenses: 

Cost of photographs, prints, lettering slides, moving pictures and other 
slides and expenses in connection with moving picture demonstrations. 

12. Home Defense Police Supplies and Expenses: 

Cost of badges, arm bands, whistles, billies, etc. 

13. Military Supplies and Expenses: 

Charges in connection with registration and recruiting, other than printing 
and postage. 

14. Naval Supplies and Expenses: 

Charges in connection with naval recruiting, other than printing and 
postage. 

15. Traveling and Incidental Expenses Thereof: 

Railroad fares, lodging, meals, etc., of employes while traveling on official 
business of the Committee. 

16. Publicity Expenses: 

Cost of metal plates and other methods of furnishing material to news- 
papers throughout the State. 

17. Food Conservation Train — Expenses of: 

All expenses incurred in connection with Food Conservation Train travel- 
ing through State for eight months. 

18. War Kitchens — Expenses of: 

All expenses incurred in connection with War Kitchens. 

19. County Federal Food Administration — Expenses of: 

Salaries of employes in offices of County Federal Food Administrators, and 
allowance for office rent, stationery, traveling, etc. 

20. Miscellaneous: 

Charges not otherwise provided for above. 

48 



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49 



'All Orgauication of^Reviarkablc Tlioroness,' Secretary Declares; 
Defense Delegate Calls It Model for Other States 



Sptcial Dfspa^ch to Tht S'enli Am^rUan 

WASHINGTON, Dec. 22— '•Pennsyl- 
vania's committee ^ of public safety Is 
doing a tremendous woik In the mobi- 
lization of the state's resources for the 
war. It Is an organization of r^marlc- 
abls thoroness and efficiency. It Is doing 
bis things in a big way." 

This WB3 tlie word brought back to 
Washington by Secretary McAdoo, who 
•.ttended the conference of the commit- 
tee of public safety In Philadelphia this 
week. Other representatives of the gov- 
ernment at the conferences warmly 
praised the committee as a war agency. 
Arthur K. Bestor, who represented the 
council of national defense, said today: 

"After a nationwide sur^'ey and first- 
hand Information that I have obtained 
by direct contact with many war emerg- 
ency bodies. 1 am glad to say that there 
l3 not In tUe United States, In my 
opinion, a more compact and efficient 
organization for tlie conduct of the war 
activities than the Pennsylvania com- 
mittee of public, safety. 

"If we could duplicate in every state 
the organization of the Pennsylvania 
coalm^ttee for carrying on patriotic edu- 
cation, we should soon mobilize public 
opinion, combat traitorous propaganda 
fuid thereby find much easier the solu- 
tion of many problems Involving na- 
tional co-ordination ' and enthusiastic 
popular suppdrt. 

"I have just returned from Philadel- 



phia, where I participated in the con- 
ferences of public safety committee 
delegates from the sixty-seven counties 
of Pennsylvania. It was beyond ques- 
tion the most Impressive showing of ef- 
ficient organization for the purpososj 
for wlilcii the national and state de-'^ 
fense councils were created that I have" 
encountered. ' ' _, 
"The Inauguration at the Union i 
League of tlie speakers' bureau against- 
seditious Influences resulte;! in one of 
the most remarkable sessions it has 
been my privilege to attend. The re- 
ception accorded to Secretary McAdoO 
revealed a'splendftl unanimity of pur- 
pose In Pennsylvania, Irrespective of. 
party, creed or social standing. ' • 

"In speed' and thoroness of_ Its 'ofi< 
ganizatloo of a speakers' division to 
co-operate' with our national speakers' 
bureau, .the Pennsylvania committoo 
has rhade a ne\v. record. Its speakers* 
conference demonstrated that the morh- 
bers of that division have a correct 
perception of Uie task ahead of them, 
tliat they have the machinery to under- 
take it and the guidance to carry It to 
success. . 

"The- Pennsylvania organization Im- ' 
pressed me vylth Its splendid efficiency 
both In its collective membership and 
its leadel^s and-liidiyldual members. It 
has scope and plan- of action, which 
could profitably be copied by all of tha 
states." 



51 




Gpvenini^ut Officials Praise 
Efficient Work of Penn- 
sylvania Committed 

TRIUMPHAL PEOGEESS 

Br LOCIS AV STRAl-XB, 

Staff Correspondent 
Stoeclal Prom Ths Dlstpatch Bureau] 

, WASHINGTON, D C, Jan 6-Wiih 
'6nlv a f 3W days elapsing lince Secretary 
McAdoo' and other high officials of thH 
•Govei-nmcnt congratulated the Pennsyl- 
vania.^Coomiittee of Public Safety upon 
its ability to <lo "big tlTings in a big 
"vfrty," the committee is r<!ceiving further 
commendation for another detnonstr.v 
tiou. of- efficiency. This' time it is the 
.(^uarjermaster's Department that be- 
stows praise. The service in which the 
:Fcnjisyivania committee gained new dis- 
tmctioii was in its aid to the war truck 
convoys which recently completed a test 
run from Detroit to an Atlantic "port. 
The longest stage of the qonvoyi' jour- 
ney lay through Penneylvania., Due to 
the Public Safety Committee's prepar- 
edneaa, that section of the 'route .was 
covered^ with r?.ilro5d' timo-table ^reci- 
flion and without miahaj? or delay ot any 
•kind dei^ite intense wiiather handicaps 
and other adverse conditions. The heavy 
.gnows: that impeded the convoy else- 
vb'erc were not permitted to choke the 
roads of Pennsylvania. In some placcc 
roads ''• were freed 'of .drifts eight i'l^et 
ieep to give passage to the trucks. Not 
only 'waa the trail kept open but the 
hou&ing and entertainment of the crews 
and the overhauling of the 'trucks were 
carried but on a prearranged schedule. 

Patriotic Ovation 

A feature that contributed in no small 
w}.y to the efficiency of the operation ot 
the ■ convoy was the stirring patriotic 
oration given by Public Safety represen- 
tatives during its. passage through Penn- 
sylvania, This reception waa in such 
strong contrast to the scant welcome 
accorded elewhere that it was especially 
commented upon by Captain Bennett 
Bronson, in command of the convOy.^ At 
the request of the Pennsylvania Com- 
mittee of Public Safety, hotels, theatei-s 
end clubs along the route, dispensed 
free hospitality. 



When- the test run .was suhedulecl the 
Quartermaster G'enerara Department 
through the Council of National Defense, 
notified the defense coramitteea of the 
States in which the route lay to make. 
9.11 necessary preparations to insure an 
unimpeded ' run. ^ Tha route traversed' 
eisht P^nnsylvRnia . couQties, beginning 
at 'a poirtt midway on the Ohio_boun-< 
<iary ' and' pasirea iPoCKheasterly afroea. 
two:thirds the lenirth of the State. ' The; 
Poiaisylv&nia Public Safety Committee; 
inatructed its local units in theso couiv. 
ties to prtpare a clear r!ght-of--Way i<?i 
tkb conVoy. Complete arrongcraeata 
were made a week in advance^ of th*' 
rur^ as fblloi^a:. 

Given' Warm Welcome. 

When the truck train entered Bfs^er 
County, at the OB to State line on ©61 
oember 20, relays, of horse*, jiad tocn ift*: 
Cilred and were in readiness to help the 
tvticke on-icy grtkdesk from which' snow 
had been removed by the local commit- 
tee. High school boys and 6ther volurt- 
teens hod'aatiated in opening a passaje 
IbrotJch' e^eiptionftlly- heavy - drifts. 
Goardfi were plapod at all railroad cross- 
ijififj. 'itp ,pr*'vent eccidentjg such -as bad 
vTcimlted in the demolition of a truck 
ftc'd tha killisig'cf a chauffeur in the run 
aioooa <5bio. b^cam ■whiptl«3 tooted wel- 
come niul^ 'people lui-ned out all along 
tkfe llae to, cheer the convoy. MeiliB wove 
gatiBlied hy the pounty Red Ctom imit. 

Upoa xCa.chiDK . Allegheny County on ; 
i5«lj<dula . time ■&. bugle corps of Boy 
6o-:i'utB met the train and it was es- 
coried aiong^ ai -deoorated- route. Pjtt»» 
bv.n» ofiicials m. motor cars also joined 
irr'tne' litie of parade. The trucks were 
parked -in a rG<;u!eUioned building and 
prcrt inechanicil eltention. Crews were 
nouaed' and . fo<l in the artillery armory, j 
The triin waa pa4Bed on to the next; 
county line, Wettmol-cland, under pa- 
triotic escort. ■■ ■ ■ 

..Here the triumphfil progress was con- 
tirjued end tne train was sped to the 
Rpinerset '_ County line, where , it ' was 
given fl. -eimilar ovation and similar sub-, 
olantial attention. The passage through 
Bedford, Fulton, Franklin and Adams 
counties' was a repetition of these en- 
thusiastic deceptions. 

Christmas Celebration 

"The Christmas celebration was inade 
a.. big. feature in Bedford County, ,wi^h 
plenty of good cheer and entertainment 
crovided by that county's Committee of 
J'ublic Safety. In each county the. road^ 
bad been cleared of all obstacles, and 
through the . co-operation of the State 
Highw.iy Department the surfacing waa 
in '^first-class condition. Tha route fol- 
■jov.-ed is part of the famous Lincoln 
highway. 



62 




Rrat to Make Effective Co- 
ordination of Effort Witli 
Government Authorities 



Secretary Wilson Expresses 
Gratification' Because of 
Accomplishment 



SpfMoJI 'tt The fni>iiir«*. 

ISQVlRliR r.rjRBAV. IttO 'T BTftBBT 

WASUINGTON. D. C, Jan. 27- 

PCTinsylvania is the fi^st Stat<S in, the 
Union to make effective the progrAnune 
for- co-ordinating "Federal 'and State ef- 
forts to supply war industries vnth la- 
bop, according to a btatement issued' by 
the DepdrLmcnt oC Labor today. 

This co-ordination has been eucccseful- 
ly effccied by Iha employment service of 
labor and industrj' and the civilian serv- 
ice . and labor department of the State 



CoraaiiJtes of .Public Safety, -wiiieh. are 
now -working together throughout Pem^- 
sylvanla under the direction of Edgair C'' 
Felton, formerly- president of the l^enn- 
sj'lvnnia Steel Company and in . c^-.^.rge 
of the civilian Bervice of the State 5ar-4ty 
Committee. 

Mr. pelton -hoWs the appoirrttnont c>i.L 
Federal Dij-eclor of Employment for) 
TeJinsyl-stinia from the Department of 
Labor. Officiuls of the Sute and Safety 
Committee' concerned wth this amalga- 
mated service are also beinc; given Feder- 
al status in. grder that', the unification 
may be furtjiered. 

Other Gtatos Will Follow 
The' example set .in Ponnsyiv{Lniais ex- 
pected to be followed, by ^very other 
Stata; a number of which- are already, or- 
Raniiinx labor exchanges in .which Fed- 
eral atid State employment officers have 
joiried ■ forces. T^Iore than L'O^ Federal 
and State .employment ofTices are al- 
ready reported by tho Department of 
Labor as beine in operation, and the 
early establishment of some fifty addi- 
tional amalgamated offices is projected. 

Under th^ national war labor pio- 
pi^mme, of which Secretary of Labor 
Wilson ia now. National Labor .Aidminis- 
trator, the Department of Labor has 
been giveh complete charge of every 
phase of the war labor problem. Tlip 
^.stribuHon of labor is irt the hands of 
the United Statps lihnploymcnt Service. 

Secretary XVilson e.xpicssed Kratilicntion: 
Jn hie today's statement at the co-opcra- 
tion_ Riven by employejs and busmess 
mpii s organizations in Philadelphia,' 
Pittsburgh and other industrial cities 
of Pennsylvania to the Federal service 
and it^ work. 



S3 




10,387 •Gommissioned Men 
Have -Extended -Service to 
46 CouTitle.^ 



Units Have Aided in" Diilfing 
Jraftees, and Probed $e- 
.dition 



Sptelal to Tfie Inquirer. 

INQUIREk SniiKAU, 7StB P "STREET 

WASHINGTON. D. C, Sftpt. 8.— That 
^etmsylvania with 10,387 commissJoned 
men possesses- the largest. SJid piost.effi- 
dait^ body <5f vplijnteei' police in the 
cti^intry is. Bhown by a report of the 
Pennsylvania Council of National jDe- 
fensG to tjie War, Department, made pub- 
lic today. The report sho-svs that the po- 
Ice Service haftbeen exteh3ed to 40 of the 
C7 counties of the State. Completely or- 
ganizd, drilled and equipped forces are 
operating in 33 of- these 40 counties. In- 
th^ otlier -thirteeri organization is pro- 
ceeding. Accompanying. the fipires sub- 
mitted to the War Departmant, is 'ftn 
"outline of "ihe police activities which^ 
have "been of acknowledged service to the 
government.- Major General McCarter 
recently on behalf of tho War Depart- 
ment, commenced iPehnsylvania'B . volhn- 
teer policing as having been of notable 
military v&Iub in relieving the depart- 
ment of the necassitty of taking" . majiy 
protective measures. 'j 



TJie Penmyrvania volunteer Home De- 
fense police was organizad by, •^pti, is 
undty: the control of the Pennsylvania 
Council of. National Defense, with Wil- 
/liam S. -Ellis, -acting director, and 
Charles Carey,' eiecmtive secretiiry. Ir^. 
addition to performing routine 8ervic«t' 
it has enfoiced'rejulatlons of the United 
jStates Food Adminisfeition, has made 
lnveatig^tions7of additions, activities and 
arresta at the- "Lastance of the Depart; 
went of Jusiioo. , According to the re- 
port it hdi ioctitci and arrested army 
deserters, (ttopped t'ho ■"unc&rground" 
eervlnj; of ;li9ucri^ to seMiers, assiatftd in 
regiiftration of arafteea and ia other 
ways mad5 itself » useful auxiliary ofi 
th^ governm'ent^ 

Additional war service i» aow being 
performed by the volunteer police* in 
the drilling of drafte>d men. When pre- 
liminary military training of draftee* 
was recently advocaied by the War-De-' 
partment,"' marryS- of the Pennsylvanin 
Home Dtfinse^p'olice units alrcipdy Were 
engaged in that work; They had tinder- 
-taken it out of TocaJ' ihterestJ in boys 
5 called to -the army from their ,home 
counties. This preliminary training it of 
v^Iue to the draftcoi m procuring speedy 
promotion. i'^tin8>"lvania'e raetlioS- 'of 
creating the volunteer police force is 
highly -cbmmeaded hy ofticiats of thi^ 
NVar'Dcpartra&lt and is cited .by them 
as i model for other States. , / < 

■ _ ( I _ I ii-,i, - ■ ' — - -■ -'-' 



54 




More Than 6000- Orators 
.Make "Spoken V7ord In- 
strument of Victory" 



No Part df State, However 
'Remote, But Has Its Stir- 
ring. Message 



Rfieclal (o Tlie Inqutrer. 

IXQVTRER. BD/iKAU, HOS O Bt. y. W. 

yVASHINaTON, D. C, Oct. 13 — 
Pcnnsylvaaia leads the cottntry in mak; 
Ing the "spoken word an instrmnent of 
rletory." More than bU thousand fonr- 
mitmte men are in eerrice in the speak- 
itg div^Bion of the Pennsylvania Council 
W National Def«nee, acr-erdin* to h .re- 
port from that ofcaxd^ation ♦.o W, Mc- 
Cormick Blair, aationai chalnrtnn of 
four-minute men. As there axe about- 
42*000 four-minute • facn in the entire 
c6ui)ty, PennBTlTaijlB elone pocfioHses 
one-«eTebth or the Nation's orfrinized 
sp«aklag forces. The plaa under -which 
the PennsylvaBia four-mifinte men are 
boosting the sale of the Fourth Liberty 
Loan <*iTies tie appeal to the remotest 
eectiona ,of the State. 

Bach of the «iirt7-Beven counties tf 
Pennsylvania, the report shows, has its 
compiet«r four-minnte men organization 
in cfiarje of a chairman, pnd tnerft-Bre 
643 lo«»l chairmen. The county chair- 
men ore ^onped Inifive districts, under 
district dipectonj, end "the complete or- 
nmzauotx is under control of 'the Btate 
director, Benjamin H. Ludlow, at- State 
headauart^rs, ' Philadelphia. 

A Inotor car campaigti ie a feature 
of "carrying the ' message.^ The 
speakers, reach ev*n the crosa-roads 
commacitics and hamlets. In' orfler 
that, no rurtJ Bettleroflnts may be over- 
looked, rouUnp of the speaking, tours 
is arranged witb the help of Govern- 
ment geed«tlc survey msps, wbJ6h are' 
■applied to chairmen. These maps 
shdw the "loontion of every' dwelling in 
the 'State, ai^d it iq the job of the four- 
Miuute men to get a Iwod argument 
to lioiiseholds, no matter how remote, 

persWag veterenn from the fighting 
front and soldierji in fuD service equip- 
. merit; accompany the speakera on toUfs 
to cOi\v«y the Vsi- atmosphere to places 
where the Unitsd Statee uniform is 
'rarely eeen and a lodk at • real fljfht- 
faig man ia oomet{\lnf of an Ipapirauon. 

W»r fiiaa are showp zii6 one of the 
•troDgeat i!ubr.crit)t;c>£v appeiJa is made ' 
tfcroujJi reference to ■ each' commvinlty ■ 
t» the irrdividnftl flc«tiftf ita-TXiJrs er». 
jd&Ing "Socseifheie,. In Frtoce'.", %■ 




Has Proved Capable of Meeting 

Any Transportation Emei'gen- 

cy Throughout State. 

iJhila, Prose 

Ftara, a sloff Orresporident. 
Washinsrton, D. C, Nov. S.^That 
Pcniisylvania has a motor sei-vice cap- 
abj^ of meeting. any transportation emer- 
gency In the work of tlie war Is Bhown 
by n. report from the Stato Council of 
National Defense to the Cou.nall oi 
National JDetense, mads public today, 
■ft hen the Highways Transport Commit- 
tee of the Council of National DefenBe 
recently undertook to organize arabordi- 
nate . committees In each State for a 
more thorouBh utilization . of the na- 
tion's I highways transport roGource"9 It 
obtained tlie most efficient. Immediate 
co-operation In Penrjsj'lvai-.ia. 

It was . unnecessai-y to create new 
machinery there, because the Pennsyl- 
vania Council of National Defense in Its 
n«rtor truck department already poh- 
sesfled a Statewide , organisation which, 
.tn larS'e measure, v/os carrying- out Uie 
policies advocated by tha HS&hv/ays 
Transport Committee. 

The report presenta a summary of 
Pennsylvania's motor acUvlUes. One o? 
the first tteps taken by David 'S. Lud- 
lum, former State Motors Director, and 
now chairman of the PennsylvanIai.Hlgh- 
ways Tran!?i)ort Committee, wa.s a eerv- 
Ico registry of twenty-five , per cent, of 
tl)e three hundred thousand pleasure cars 
of the ^Statc, ten per cent, of the regis- 
tered cars being held ovaJlable for* 
emergency service • at all times. .. This 
service has been rendered In all 'coun- 
ties for Liberty Loan drives, also in 
transportation of war and munition 
workers, and In somo Instances In mffV- 
Ing military bodies. Particularly vki- 
uablo eer\i(5e was given in transport- 
ing nurses, doctors, medical stores and 
In conveying stricken persons during tho 
Influenza epldetrUc. Trucks equipped as 
.ambulances, saved the dajf . In many 
devastated districts. 

A truck service supplementing the 
paspengcr service has done good work 
In hauling baggage . of Kirattee.i. mov- 
ing erani and other equipment and mll- 
tary Ktorcs. also hauling: wood from 
Jie fore^t^ to cities, to aid the Fuel 
^mlnistraUon's conservation vtror^ 
O. R, M. 



65 



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Neutralizing agent: Magnesium 
Treatment Date; ti*y 

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